Cellular immune response during Toxoplasma gondii infection: deciphering diverse population immune variations

Toxoplasma gondii is a widespread Apicomplexan parasite that affects approximately one-third of the global population. The development and clinical features of toxoplasmosis are closely related to the immune status of the population. While most immunocompetent individuals are asymptomatic after primary acquired infection, immunocompromised patients may develop a range of severe clinical symptoms and complications. In the case of pregnant women the fetuses are at risk of clinical severity following primary infection during pregnancy. This review aims to elucidate the characteristics of immune interaction patterns in individuals with different immune statuses and provide a theoretical basis for more effective, accurate toxoplasmosis treatment strategies. These findings can achieve targeted and precise prevention and control for different groups, effectively guaranteeing public health security.