Evaluating the training outcomes of single-console and dual-console da Vinci surgical systems: a randomized...

This study evaluated the dual-console collaborative training mode for robotic Surgical skills using the da Vinci Surgical System. In a randomized controlled trial, 24 PGY-1 residents were assigned to either dual-console training or single-console training. The SimNow^® simulator assessed operative efficiency, recording errors, such as Misapplied Energy, Instrument-Instrument Collisions, and Instruments Out of View. Operative skills were evaluated using the GEARS scale during pig iliac artery dissection, and cognitive load was measured with the NASA-TLX scale. Results indicated that the dual-console group scored significantly higher on the SimNow^® assessment and exhibited greater surgical efficiency and safety (P < 0.05). This group also achieved higher GEARS scores, with notable improvements in Depth Perception, Efficiency, and Autonomy (P < 0.01) but no significant difference in Force Sensitivity. The dual-console group reported lower NASA-TLX total scores (P < 0.001), indicating lower cognitive load across dimensions, such as mental demand, temporal demand, effort, frustration, and performance (P < 0.05). In conclusion, dual-console training enhances operative safety and efficiency by optimizing cognitive load through real-time feedback and spatial guidance. This mode is effective for early skill acquisition in high-risk surgical procedures.