Evaluation of a Method for Assessing Food Contamination Based on a Shopping Mall Model

This study evaluated a novel methodology for assessing food safety vulnerabilities in shopping malls by integrating Hazard Analysis and Critical Control Points (HACCP), Threat Assessment and Critical Points (TACCP), and Failure Mode and Effects Analysis (FMEA). Inspections were conducted in nine shopping centers across Poland, the Czech Republic, Slovakia, and Spain to identify the risk of intentional/unintentional contamination with chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear agents. The assessment considered key operational areas, including food delivery, transportation, staff security, back-office access, product handling, and inspection protocols. Risk levels were quantified using FMEA parameters. The findings revealed an overall high to average risk score with the most critical vulnerabilities linked to back-office access, unauthorized personnel entry, and susceptibility to fraudulent inspections. Observations also highlighted infrastructural shortcomings, insufficient monitoring, and procedural gaps that could facilitate contamination. The proposed methodology offers a structured, quantitative framework for identifying and prioritizing food safety hazards in public environments. Implementing targeted countermeasures-such as enhanced surveillance, strict access control, staff training, and dedicated food handling protocols-can substantially reduce risks, thereby strengthening public health protection and operational resilience. This approach may serve as a promising framework for integrating food defense and safety assessments for food defense in high-density commercial facilities.