GRA86 Is a Novel Dense Granule Protein Important for Virulence and Bradyzoite Differentiation in Toxoplasma gondii

Toxoplasma gondii is a globally prevalent parasite capable of establishing lifelong infections, which can have severe consequences in immunocompromised individuals and developing fetuses. GRAs are essential secretory effectors that facilitate nutrient acquisition, modulate host immune responses, and support intracellular survival. In this study, we characterized four putative GRAs (GRA85-88) that co-localize with GRA12 in both tachyzoite and bradyzoite stages. Using CRISPR-Cas9-mediated homologous recombination, we successfully generated knockout strains in both type I RH and type II Pru backgrounds. Phenotypic analysis revealed that GRA85, GRA87, and GRA88 were not individually required for parasite replication, invasion, or virulence. However, deletion of gra86 (PruΔgra86) resulted in a significant reduction in virulence and fewer brain cysts in chronically infected mice, although in vitro growth remained unaffected. Transcriptomic profiling of PruΔgra86 revealed downregulation of bradyzoite-related genes and upregulation of GRAs involved in host interaction. Additionally, in vitro differentiation assays showed impaired bradyzoite development in the absence of GRA86. These findings from murine models and in vitro phenotypic assays highlight GRA86 as a regulator of chronic infection and stage conversion, positioning it as an important player in T. gondii pathogenesis and a promising target for therapeutic intervention.