Acute and Chronic Immunological Responses to Different Exercise Modalities: A Narrative Review

The relationship between exercise and immune function has been widely studied, yet findings remain inconsistent regarding how different exercise modalities and intensities influence acute and chronic immunological responses. Previous reviews have often focused on single exercise types or limited outcomes, leaving a gap for an integrated synthesis. This narrative review aims to address this gap by summarizing and comparing immunological effects across aerobic exercise, resistance training, high-intensity interval training (HIIT), blood flow restriction (BFR), isometric exercise, mind-body interventions, and hypoxic training. A structured narrative approach was adopted. Literature published between January 2000 and December 2024 was searched in PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. Experimental and observational studies on humans and animal models were included, with study selection and data extraction performed by two reviewers. Findings were synthesized thematically by exercise modality to capture both acute and chronic immune responses. Twenty-four eligible studies were identified. Aerobic and mind-body exercises consistently demonstrated anti-inflammatory and immunoprotective effects, including increased IL-10 production, improved T cell profiles, and reduced inflammatory markers. Isometric training showed favorable modulation of cytokines and T cell balance, while resistance training evidence was limited but suggested cortisol-lowering benefits. HIIT, BFR, and hypoxic exercise produced mixed results, often combining transient pro-inflammatory responses with immunological benefits. Acute and chronic immunological responses to exercise are highly modality- and intensity-dependent. Aerobic and mind-body interventions provide the most consistent benefits, whereas HIIT, BFR, and hypoxic training show variable effects. Further high-quality trials are needed to clarify mechanisms and guide exercise-based immune recommendations.