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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

Published on: October 13, 2016

Early Detection of Cognitive Decline: Executive Functioning Index R4Alz-pc Predicts Memory-Related Concerns in

Eudokia Emmanouilidou¹, Despina Moraitou^1,2, Nikoleta Frantzi¹

¹Laboratory of Psychology, Department of Cognition, Brain and Behavior, School of Psychology, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki (AUTh), 54124 Thessaloniki, Greece.

Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland)

|September 13, 2025

Summary

Early Alzheimer's disease (AD) detection is possible using the R4Alz-pc tool. This index predicts memory worry and negative feelings, aiding in early intervention for cognitive decline.

Keywords:

Alzheimer’s disease (AD)affect about memory executive functions memory concerns memory worry mild cognitive impairment (MCI)preclinical Alzheimer’s disease (pcAD)subjective cognitive decline (SCD)

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Last Updated: Jan 18, 2026

The 4 Mountains Test: A Short Test of Spatial Memory with High Sensitivity for the Diagnosis of Pre-dementia Alzheimer's Disease

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Published on: October 13, 2016

A Machine Learning Approach to Design an Efficient Selective Screening of Mild Cognitive Impairment

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Published on: January 11, 2020

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

Highlighting and Reducing the Impact of Negative Aging Stereotypes During Older Adults' Cognitive Testing

Published on: January 24, 2020

Area of Science:

Neuroscience
Gerontology
Psychology

Background:

Early identification of preclinical Alzheimer's disease (AD) is crucial for timely intervention.
Cognitive decline in preclinical AD stages requires sensitive detection methods.
Executive functioning is a key area impacted by early AD pathology.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate the R4Alz-pc executive functioning index for detecting early cognitive decline in preclinical AD.
To determine if R4Alz-pc performance predicts memory-related worry and negative affect.
To explore the mediating role of memory worry in the relationship between executive dysfunction and negative affect.

Main Methods:

A cohort of 105 cognitively healthy older adults (mean age 59.25 years) participated.
Participants completed the R4Alz-pc index battery and the Multifactorial Memory Questionnaire (MMQ).
Statistical analyses, including mediation analysis, were employed to examine relationships between variables.

Main Results:

Lower performance on the R4Alz-pc index was significantly correlated with increased negative affect concerning memory.
Mediation analysis confirmed that memory-related worry acts as a mediator between executive dysfunction and negative affect.
Executive dysfunction, as measured by R4Alz-pc, is linked to emotional distress in older adults.

Conclusions:

The R4Alz-pc index is a valuable, non-invasive tool for early, objective cognitive assessment in preclinical AD.
Utilizing tools like R4Alz-pc can facilitate timely detection and intervention strategies for AD.
These cognitive assessment methods may offer a less invasive and potentially more cost-effective alternative to biomarker-based diagnostics.