Conductive Polymer Thin Films for Energy Storage and Conversion: Supercapacitors, Batteries, and Solar Cells

Conductive polymer thin films have emerged as a versatile class of materials with immense potential in energy storage and conversion technologies due to their unique combination of electrical conductivity, mechanical flexibility, and tunable physicochemical properties. This review comprehensively explores the role of conductive polymer thin films in three critical energy applications: supercapacitors, batteries, and solar cells. The paper examines key polymers such as polyaniline (PANI), polypyrrole (PPy), and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), focusing on their synthesis techniques, structural modifications, and integration strategies to enhance device performance. Recent advances in film fabrication methods, including solution processing, electrochemical deposition, and layer-by-layer assembly, are discussed with regard to achieving optimized morphology, conductivity, and electrochemical stability. Furthermore, the review highlights current challenges such as scalability, long-term durability, and interfacial compatibility, while outlining future directions for the development of high-performance, sustainable energy systems based on conductive polymer thin films.