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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Solid-state Graft Copolymer Electrolytes for Lithium Battery Applications
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Three-Dimensional-Printed Polymer-Polymer Composite Electrolytes for All-Solid-State Li Metal Batteries.

Hao Wang1, Xin Xiong1, Huie Hu1

  • 1Foundation Department, Naval University of Engineering, Wuhan 430033, China.

Polymers
|September 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Researchers developed advanced composite solid-state electrolytes for safer, high-performance lithium batteries. Utilizing 3D printing, these electrolytes show excellent low-temperature performance and stability for extreme applications.

Keywords:
3D printingall-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs)polyacrylic acid (PAA)polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF)solid polymer electrolytes (SPEs)

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Area of Science:

  • Materials Science
  • Electrochemistry
  • Energy Storage

Background:

  • Conventional liquid lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) exhibit limitations in low-temperature performance and safety, hindering their use in demanding military and extreme environments.
  • All-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs) present a promising alternative due to inherent safety advantages and improved low-temperature capabilities.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To design and fabricate novel composite solid-state electrolytes for ASSLBs.
  • To optimize electrolyte composition and leverage 3D printing for efficient membrane fabrication.
  • To evaluate the electrochemical performance and thermal stability of the developed ASSLBs.

Main Methods:

  • Composite solid-state electrolytes were synthesized using polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and polyacrylic acid (PAA) polymer matrices, N,N-dimethylformamide (DMF) solvent, and lithium bis(trifluoromethane sulfonimide) (LiTFSI) salt.
  • Varying mass ratios of PAA were explored to tune electrolyte properties.
  • Advanced three-dimensional (3D) printing technology was employed for precise electrolyte membrane fabrication.
  • Electrochemical performance (ionic conductivity, discharge capacity, cycle stability) and thermal properties were assessed.

Main Results:

  • Optimized composite electrolytes achieved an ionic conductivity of approximately 2.71 × 10-4 S cm-1 at 25 °C.
  • The fabricated electrolyte membranes exhibited high mechanical strength and good thermal stability.
  • Assembled LiCoO2||PVDF@PAA||Li ASSLBs demonstrated an initial discharge capacity of 165.3 mAh/g at room temperature, with 98% capacity retention after 300 cycles.
  • At 0 °C, the cells delivered an initial capacity of 157.4 mAh/g and maintained 85% retention over 100 cycles.

Conclusions:

  • The optimal PAA ratio significantly enhances the electrochemical performance of the solid-state electrolytes.
  • The study validates the effectiveness of 3D printing technology for the rapid and precise manufacturing of advanced ASSLB components.
  • The developed composite solid-state electrolytes show significant potential for high-performance batteries in extreme environments.