Ecofriendly PEF- and PBF-Based Blends with Epoxidized Natural Rubber: Unraveling the Structure-Property Relationship

Two series of environmentally friendly polymer blends of bio-based poly(ethylene 2,5 furanoate) (PEF) and poly(butylene 2,5 furanoate) (PBF) with epoxidized natural rubber (epNR) have been prepared. Both bio-based polyesters were synthesized from dimethyl furan-2,5-dicarboxylate (DMFDC) and 1,2-ethylene glycol (EG) or 1,4-butylene glycol (BG) by a two-stage melt polycondensation process. The miscibility of the components in the blend was assessed using calculations based on Hoy's method. The chemical interactions, presence of functional groups, miscibility, and possible reactions or cross-linking between polyesters and epNR were analyzed by Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR). A significant influence of epNR addition on the melt flow index (MFI), limited viscosity number (LVN), and apparent cross-link density values was also demonstrated. Phase transition temperatures and associated thermal phenomena in polyester/epNR blends were evaluated using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). Oxidation onset temperature (OOT) tests were performed to obtain valuable information about the thermal-oxidative stability of the blends. Tensile tests revealed that the addition of epNR to PEF increases flexibility but at the same time reduces stiffness and tensile strength, especially at higher contents of epNR. In the case of PBF, a gradual decrease in tensile strength and elastic modulus is observed with increasing epNR content. Additionally, hardness tests showed that the addition of epNR leads to a decrease in hardness for both PEF- and PBF-based compositions.