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Less Is Fair: Reducing RTT Unfairness Through Buffer Sizing.

Agnieszka Piotrowska1

  • 1Department of Computer Networks and Systems, Silesian University of Technology, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland.

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|September 13, 2025
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Summary

TCP congestion control algorithms like Cubic and BBR face challenges sharing bandwidth fairly among flows with different round-trip times (RTTs). Network configurations, especially buffer sizing, significantly impact fairness and throughput disparity.

Keywords:
BBRCubicRTT fairnessTCPbuffer sizingcongestion controlperformance evaluation

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Area of Science:

  • Computer Science
  • Network Engineering
  • Data Communications

Background:

  • Sharing bottleneck bandwidth among TCP flows with diverse round-trip times (RTTs) is a persistent challenge in computer networks.
  • RTT unfairness leads to throughput disparity, impacting overall network performance and user experience.

Purpose of the Study:

  • Investigate RTT unfairness in TCP congestion control.
  • Evaluate the behavior of TCP Cubic and TCP BBR under various network scenarios.
  • Identify network configurations that promote fair bandwidth sharing.

Main Methods:

  • Conducted extensive experiments using the Mininet emulation platform.
  • Examined the effects of buffer size, sender distribution, and delay asymmetry.
  • Analyzed transmission performance metrics for TCP Cubic and TCP BBR.

Main Results:

  • TCP BBR achieves high utilization with minimal buffering, but its fairness is contingent on RTT and buffer size interactions.
  • TCP Cubic demonstrates better fairness with moderate buffer sizes when RTT ratio is the primary driver of imbalance.
  • Buffer sizing emerges as a critical factor in mitigating RTT-based unfairness.

Conclusions:

  • Careful buffer sizing can significantly reduce RTT unfairness in TCP networks.
  • Queuing strategies have a broad impact on network performance and fair bandwidth allocation.
  • Understanding algorithm-specific behaviors is key to optimizing network fairness.