The Heart-Brain Axis in the Artificial Intelligence Era: Integrating Old and New Insights Towards New Targeting and...

The heart-brain axis (HBA) is a dynamic system of reciprocal communication between the cardiovascular and central nervous system, incorporating neural, immunologic, molecular and hormonal pathways. The central autonomic network is described as a key regulator of cardiovascular activity and autonomic dysfunction as an important mechanism underlying various neurologic and cardiac disorders. Heart rate variability (HRV) is identified as the key biomarker of the axis reflecting autonomic nervous system balance. Increased understanding of its molecular mechanisms has led to the proposal of new therapeutic strategies focused on modulating heart-brain communication including β-blockers, vagus nerve stimulation, neurotrophin modulation, and nanoparticle-based approaches. The integration of wearables and artificial intelligence (AI) has allowed for real-time monitoring and innovative diagnostic and prognostic applications. The present narrative review summarizes current knowledge on the mechanisms comprising the heart-brain axis, their implication in neurologic and cardiac disorders, and their potential for developing novel therapies. It also highlights how advancements in wearable technology and AI systems are being integrated into clinical practice and transforming the landscape.