Phytochemical Profile and Bioactive Evaluation of Porophyllum gracile

Plants of the genus Porophyllum (Asteraceae) have traditional medicinal uses, but only 8 of 25 species have been studied. This study aimed to profile volatile compounds, phenolics, and fatty acids in dried leaves and stems of Porophyllum gracile and assess biological activities of extracts obtained using different solvents. GC-MS, HPLC-DAD, and GC-FID analyses identified over 120 compounds, including fatty acids, chlorogenic acid derivatives, quercetin derivatives, terpenes, ketones, aldehydes, and alcohols. Antioxidant activity in vitro (ABTS, DPPH, and FRAP assays) suggested a strong electron-transfer-mediated mechanism. In ARPE-19 cells under doxorubicin-induced oxidative stress, hexane and ethanolic extracts from leaves and stems significantly reduced intracellular reactive oxygen species, in some cases outperforming vitamin E. No antiproliferative activity was detected against cancer cell lines (MDA-MB-231, HeLa, A549, HCT 116, 22Rv1), nor cytotoxicity toward non-cancerous cells (ARPE-19, hFOB 1.19). This first detailed phytochemical characterization of P. gracile demonstrates its cellular antioxidant potential and supports its application as a natural antioxidant source in functional foods or nutraceuticals. Future work should elucidate mechanisms, isolate active compounds, and evaluate bioavailability in in vivo models.