Proteomic Insights into Childhood Obesity: A Systematic Review of Protein Biomarkers and Advances

Childhood obesity has emerged as one of the most pressing public health challenges of the 21st century. Early-onset obesity is associated with an increased risk of developing numerous comorbidities later in life. Despite extensive research into its multifactorial etiology-including genetic, behavioral, environmental, and socioeconomic factors-the precise molecular mechanisms underlying the development and persistence of obesity in the pediatric population remain incompletely understood. Proteomics offers promising insights into these mechanisms. The application of proteomics in pediatric obesity research has grown, enabling the identification of proteins that reflect dynamic changes in metabolic and inflammatory pathways. This advancement allows clinicians to move beyond traditional anthropometric measurements toward personalized approaches with notification of early complications of obesity. A systematic search was conducted across PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science for studies published between 2010 and 2025. Inclusion criteria: human studies, participants aged 0-18, proteomic analysis of obesity, and biomarkers. Data extraction and quality assessment followed standardized protocols. From 239 articles, 20 were included. Key dysregulated proteins include APOA1, CLU, and HP. LC-MS/MS was the predominant technique used. Some biomarkers were predictive for obesity complications in children. Proteomics holds clinical potential for early detection and personalized treatment of pediatric obesity. Standardized methodologies and longitudinal studies are needed for translation into clinical practice.