Morphogenetic Factors as a Tool for Enhancing Plant Regeneration Capacity During In Vitro Transformation

Morphogenetic factors (MTFs) are specialized plant genes and transcription factors that play pivotal roles in embryogenesis and organogenesis. This review focuses on their functions in plant development regulation and their applications in plant biotechnology and modern breeding. Common challenges in transformation and regeneration were discussed, along with successful case studies demonstrating improved regeneration capacity and transgene stability in rice (Oryza sativa), soybean (Glycine max), rapeseed (Brassica napus), tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) and other less common crops and plant model organisms. These improvements were achieved through the utilization of key developmental MTFs such as WUCHEL, BABY BOOM, GRF-GIF, etc. The principles of designing genetic constructs with MTFs are explored, including promoter selection and regulatory elements, as well as their synergistic effects with phytohormones like auxins and cytokinins for optimizing in vitro morphogenesis. Current limitations in MTF expression and strategies to overcome them are analyzed. The article highlights recent advances, including MTFs potential for developing stress-resistant, high-yielding cultivars. Key discussion points include the discovery of novel morphogens, their application to recalcitrant species, and prospects for expanding the range of easily transformable and regenerable crops. Future directions involve developing universal transformation protocols and integrating morphogens with precision genome editing technologies, offering new opportunities for agriculture and global food security.