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Targeted Cancer Therapies

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The targeted cancer therapies, also known as “molecular targeted therapies,” take advantage of the molecular and genetic differences between the cancer cells and the normal cells. It needs a thorough understanding of the cancer cells to develop drugs that can target specific molecular aspects that drive the growth, progression, and spread of cancer cells without affecting the growth and survival of other normal cells in the body.
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The mammalian target of rapamycin  (mTOR) is a serine/threonine kinase that regulates growth, proliferation, and cell survival in response to hormones, growth factors, or nutrient availability. This kinase exists in two structurally and functionally distinct forms: mTOR complex 1  (mTORC1) and mTOR complex 2  (mTORC2). The first form (mTORC1) is composed of a rapamycin-sensitive Raptor and proline-rich Akt substrate, PRAS40. In contrast,  mTORC2 consists of a...
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Mitogens and the Cell Cycle02:38

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Mitogens and their receptors play a crucial role in controlling the progression of the cell cycle. However, the loss of mitogenic control over cell division leads to tumor formation. Therefore, mitogens and mitogen receptors play an important role in cancer research. For instance, the epidermal growth factor (EGF) - a type of mitogen and its transmembrane receptor (EGFR), decides the fate of the cell's proliferation. When EGF binds to EGFR, a member of the ErbB family of tyrosine kinase...
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mTOR Signaling and Cancer Progression03:03

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The mammalian target of rapamycin or mTOR protein was discovered in 1994 due to its direct interaction with rapamycin. The protein gets its name from a yeast homolog called TOR. The mTOR protein complex in mammalian cells plays a major role in balancing anabolic processes such as the synthesis of proteins, lipids, and nucleotides and catabolic processes, such as autophagy in response to environmental cues, such as availability of nutrients and growth factors.
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Interactions Between Signaling Pathways01:19

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Signaling cascades usually lack linearity. Multiple pathways interact and regulate one another, allowing cells to integrate and respond to diverse environmental stimuli.
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Checkpoints throughout the cell cycle serve as safeguards and gatekeepers, allowing the cell cycle to progress in favorable conditions and slow or halt it in problematic ones. This regulation is known as the cell cycle control system.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Development and Maintenance of a Preclinical Patient Derived Tumor Xenograft Model for the Investigation of Novel Anti-Cancer Therapies
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Current and Emerging Therapies for Targeting the ERK1/2 & PI3K Pathways in Cancer.

Ethan Abizadeh1, Eli Berglas1, Aaron Abizadeh2

  • 1College of Medicine, SUNY Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, NY 11203, USA.

International Journal of Molecular Sciences
|September 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Dysregulated ERK1/2 and PI3K pathways drive cancer. This review covers pathway components, roles in tumor progression, and the development of targeted inhibitors and combination therapies to overcome resistance.

Keywords:
AKTEGFRERKFGFR3MEKPI3KPTENRAFRASmTOR

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Area of Science:

  • Molecular Biology
  • Oncology
  • Cell Signaling

Background:

  • The Extracellular signal-Regulated Kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2) and Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K) signaling pathways are crucial for normal cellular functions.
  • Dysregulation and overactivation of these pathways are common in various cancers, correlating with poor prognosis and treatment resistance.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the key components of the ERK1/2 and PI3K pathways.
  • To elucidate their roles in cancer progression and tumor development.
  • To discuss the development of inhibitors and combination therapies targeting these pathways.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of scientific articles and clinical trial data.
  • Analysis of signaling pathway components and their interactions.
  • Examination of therapeutic strategies and their efficacy.

Main Results:

  • Detailed overview of the ERK1/2 and PI3K pathway signaling cascades.
  • Identification of critical roles in promoting cancer cell proliferation, survival, and metabolism.
  • Summary of current and emerging inhibitors and combination therapies.

Conclusions:

  • The ERK1/2 and PI3K pathways are significant drivers of cancer.
  • Targeted inhibitors and combination therapies show promise in enhancing therapeutic outcomes.
  • Further research and clinical trials are essential to optimize these strategies for cancer treatment.