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Related Concept Videos

Infertility in Females01:28

Infertility in Females

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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Meiosis II01:57

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Meiosis II is the second and final stage of meiosis. It relies on the haploid cells produced during meiosis I, each of which contain only 23 chromosomes—one from each homologous initial pair. Importantly, each chromosome in these cells is composed of two joined copies, and when these cells enter meiosis II, the goal is to separate such sister chromatids using the same microtubule-based network employed in other division processes. The result of meiosis II is two haploid cells, each...
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Spermatogenesis01:41

Spermatogenesis

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Spermatogenesis is the process by which haploid sperm cells are produced in the male testes. It starts with stem cells located close to the outer rim of seminiferous tubules. These spermatogonial stem cells divide asymmetrically to give rise to additional stem cells (meaning that these structures “self-renew”), as well as sperm progenitors, called spermatocytes. Importantly, this method of asymmetric mitotic division maintains a population of spermatogonial stem cells in the male...
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Oogenesis02:07

Oogenesis

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In human women, oogenesis produces one mature egg cell or ovum for every precursor cell that enters meiosis. This process differs in two unique ways from the equivalent procedure of spermatogenesis in males. First, meiotic divisions during oogenesis are asymmetric, meaning that a large oocyte (containing most of the cytoplasm) and minor polar body are produced as a result of meiosis I, and again following meiosis II. Since only oocytes will go on to form embryos if fertilized, this unequal...
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Infertility in Males01:23

Infertility in Males

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Male infertility affects millions of couples worldwide, arising from various factors that impact different stages of the reproductive process. An endocrine imbalance resulting from conditions like hypogonadism, Klinefelter syndrome, or pituitary disorders can disrupt hormone levels and reduce sperm production. Testicular defects, such as tumors, cryptorchidism, atrophic testes, abnormal sperm morphology, and low sperm count or motility, may arise due to genetic factors, structural...
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Birth Control Methods01:22

Birth Control Methods

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Vasectomy is a surgical form of male sterilization that involves severing and sealing the vasa deferentia, preventing sperm from mixing with semen during ejaculation. Because a vasectomy does not impact the testes' ability to produce testosterone, hormone levels, libido, and sexual function generally remain unchanged. While vasectomy is highly effective in preventing pregnancy, with a success rate near 99.85%, rare cases of recanalization (spontaneous reconnection) can occur. Although...
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Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Fertility Preservation Through Oocyte Vitrification: Clinical and Laboratory Perspectives
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Beyond Earth, Beyond Time: Preserving Female Fertility in Space Missions.

Loris Marin1, Luciana Bordin1, Chiara Sabbadin2

  • 1Department of Women's and Children's Health, University of Padua, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padua, Italy.

Journal of Clinical Medicine
|September 13, 2025
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Female astronauts face reproductive health risks from space radiation and microgravity. Fertility preservation and counseling are crucial for space mission planning to mitigate these potential dangers.

Keywords:
astronautsfertility counselingfertility preservationmicrogravityradiationspace travel

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Area of Science:

  • Space Medicine
  • Reproductive Biology
  • Astrobiology

Background:

  • Increasing number of female astronauts highlights the need to assess spaceflight impacts on reproductive health.
  • Space radiation and microgravity are potential threats to ovarian reserve and uterine function.
  • Current human data on female reproductive health in space are limited.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review existing evidence on the effects of spaceflight on female reproductive health.
  • To analyze risks associated with cosmic radiation and microgravity.
  • To synthesize current fertility preservation strategies and gynecological risk management for astronauts.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of real and simulated space conditions.
  • Inclusion of animal studies and ground-based cosmic radiation models.
  • Analysis of research on cosmic radiation, fertility preservation, and spaceflight gynecological risks.

Main Results:

  • Space radiation may damage ovarian follicles and impair folliculogenesis, potentially causing premature ovarian failure.
  • Microgravity might alter endocrine function, posing reproductive risks.
  • Murine and in vitro studies indicate significant reproductive risks, though human data are lacking.

Conclusions:

  • Fertility counseling and preservation (embryo/oocyte/ovarian tissue cryopreservation) should be integral to pre-mission planning for female astronauts.
  • Shielding, radioprotective agents, and hormonal modulation may offer protective benefits.
  • Further research is essential to understand deep space travel effects and develop targeted protective strategies.