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Microbiota Analysis Using Two-step PCR and Next-generation 16S rRNA Gene Sequencing

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Skin Microbiome Shifts in Various Dermatological Conditions.

Conan H Lee¹, Mildred Min^2,3, Sami S Jin⁴

¹School of Medicine, University of California Davis, 4610X St., Sacramento, CA 95817, USA.

Journal of Clinical Medicine

|September 13, 2025

Summary

The skin microbiome is altered in dermatological diseases, with decreased diversity and increased pro-inflammatory microbes. Prebiotic treatments show promise for restoring balance and improving patient outcomes.

Keywords:

microbiota shift skin microbiome

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Area of Science:

Microbiology
Dermatology
Genomic Sequencing

Background:

The skin's protective barrier relies on a complex microbiome.
Genomic sequencing advances improve microbial detection accuracy.
Understanding skin microbiome shifts is crucial for diagnosing and treating skin diseases.

Purpose of the Study:

To review current literature on skin microbiome alterations in dermatological diseases.
To compare microbial profiles in diseased versus healthy skin.
To identify key changes in bacterial and fungal populations.

Main Methods:

Systematic literature search of PubMed, Web of Science, and Embase databases.
Inclusion of 38 studies published up to April 2024.
Analysis of microbiome shifts in lesional vs. nonlesional or diseased vs. healthy skin.

Main Results:

Staphylococcus aureus consistently detected across all studied skin conditions.
Reduced microbial diversity observed in diseased skin, except for acne vulgaris.
Increased prevalence of pro-inflammatory bacterial and fungal strains noted.

Conclusions:

Skin microbiome dysbiosis is linked to numerous dermatological conditions.
Decreased diversity and increased pro-inflammatory microbes characterize diseased skin.
Prebiotic therapies offer a potential alternative to antibiotics for restoring skin microbiome balance.