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Evidence for vitellogenin DNA-binding in honey bees.

Gyan Harwood¹, Vilde Leipart^2,3, Chris Elsik⁴

¹School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.

Protein Science : a Publication of the Protein Society

|September 13, 2025

Summary

Vitellogenin (Vg) protein binds to DNA, regulating gene expression in honey bees. This conserved function, relevant to human health, involves Vg interacting with other nuclear proteins to control metabolism and behavior.

Keywords:

DNA binding apolipoprotein B gene expression gene regulation large lipid transfer protein superfamily microsomal triglyceride transfer protein vitellogenin

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Area of Science:

Molecular Biology
Genetics
Biochemistry

Background:

DNA-binding proteins are crucial for fundamental cellular processes like replication, repair, and gene regulation.
Vitellogenin (Vg) is a conserved protein primarily known for egg yolk formation, but also implicated in immunity, behavior, and gene regulation.
Previous work demonstrated Vg subunit translocation into the nucleus and interaction with DNA in honey bees.

Purpose of the Study:

To provide a structural basis for Vitellogenin's DNA-binding capability.
To investigate the impact of Vg-DNA binding on gene expression in honey bee workers.
To identify other nuclear proteins that associate with the Vg-DNA complex.

Main Methods:

Structural analysis to identify conserved DNA-binding amino acids in Vg.
Gene expression analysis in honey bee workers with varying Vg levels.
Proteomic analysis to identify interacting nuclear proteins.

Main Results:

Conserved DNA-binding amino acids were identified in Vg structural regions homologous to known DNA-binding proteins.
Vg-DNA binding correlated with expression changes in dozens of genes related to metabolism, behavior, and signaling.
Dozens of additional nuclear proteins were found to interact with the Vg-DNA complex.

Conclusions:

Vitellogenin possesses a structural basis for DNA binding, enabling nuclear functions.
Vg-DNA binding in honey bee workers influences gene expression and interacts with other nuclear proteins.
This conserved Vg function in DNA binding suggests potential roles in regulating energy metabolism, behavior, and signaling across diverse animal species, including humans.