Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity01:26

Antigens Involved in Adaptive Immunity

1.3K
An antigen is any substance the immune system identifies as foreign and potentially harmful to the body, prompting an immune response. Antigens have two functional properties: immunogenicity and reactivity. Immunogenicity is the ability of an antigen to stimulate a specific immune response. At the same time, reactivity describes the antigen's ability to react with the cells and antibodies produced in response to it.
Complete Antigens
Complete antigens possess both immunogenicity and...
1.3K
Diversity of Antigen Receptors01:28

Diversity of Antigen Receptors

1.4K
Antigen receptors are essential components of the immune system crucial in defending the body against foreign invaders. These receptors are present on the surface of B and T cells, enabling them to recognize antigens and mount an appropriate immune response.
Before encountering any antigen, lymphocytes express these receptors. On B cells, the antigen receptor is a membrane-bound antibody molecule called BCR; on T cells, it is a T cell receptor or TCR. B and T cell receptors are composed of two...
1.4K
Multiple Allele Traits01:49

Multiple Allele Traits

38.0K
The Concept of Multiple Allelism
38.0K
Tissue Transplantation01:24

Tissue Transplantation

925
Tissue transplantation is a significant medical procedure involving the transfer of cells, tissues, or organs from a donor to a recipient, with the primary aim of restoring lost functions. This procedure is crucial in treating a broad spectrum of diseases, including kidney diseases, liver failure, heart disease, and certain types of cancers.
The Biology of Tissue Transplantation
The biology of tissue transplantation hinges on the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) molecules. These molecules...
925
Antigen Processing Pathways01:31

Antigen Processing Pathways

2.1K
MHC molecules are key players in the immune response, enabling T cells to recognize and respond to specific antigens. They are present on the surface of all nucleated cells in the body and are instrumental in presenting antigens to T cells and activating them. T cells recognize the MHC-antigen complex and initiate an immune response. MHC class I and MHC class II are two main types of MHC molecules, each associated with a distinct antigen processing pathway.
MHC Class I: Presenting Endogenous...
2.1K
T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection01:22

T Cell Activation and Clonal Selection

14.8K
T cells are integral to our adaptive immune system, recognizing and effectively responding to foreign antigens. T cell activation and clonal selection are pivotal in orchestrating this immune response. This article elucidates these mechanisms, detailing the roles of cluster of differentiation (CD) markers, major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, costimulatory signals, and the process of clonal selection.
Naive T cells that have not yet encountered an antigen express two primary CD...
14.8K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Fine-Mapping of HLA Effects in Oral and Non-Oral Lichen Planus.

HLA·2026
Same author

The Phenotype List String Grammar for Enhanced Protein and Antigen Reporting in the Immunogenetic Context.

HLA·2026
Same author

Nomenclature for factors of the HLA system, update January, February and March 2026.

HLA·2026
Same author

HLA Associations Differ by Ethnicity and Aquaporin-4 Antibody Status in Patients With Neuromyelitis Optica Spectrum Disorders.

Neurology(R) neuroimmunology & neuroinflammation·2026
Same author

Full-Length Sequence Characterisation of the Novel MICB Null Allele, MICB*068N.

HLA·2026
Same author

Landscapes of HLA Mismatching in Contemporary Unrelated Haematopoietic Cell Transplantation.

HLA·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
08:07

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Published on: September 6, 2017

10.6K

Replacements at Structural or Functional Dimorphisms 103, 109 and 167 Distinguish HLA Class I Serologically Defined

Kazutoyo Osoegawa1, Jellina Son1, Kenneth Yim1

  • 1Histocompatibility and Immunogenetics Laboratory, Stanford Blood Center, Palo Alto, California, USA.

HLA
|September 13, 2025
PubMed
Summary

This study refines human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibody detection by identifying novel epitopes and associated antigens. These findings improve the accuracy of virtual crossmatch testing in transplantation, enhancing patient outcomes.

More Related Videos

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin
11:17

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

Published on: March 10, 2021

6.8K
Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
09:32

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: October 15, 2021

15.0K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 18, 2026

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation
08:07

Personalized Peptide Arrays for Detection of HLA Alloantibodies in Organ Transplantation

Published on: September 6, 2017

10.6K
Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin
11:17

Stability and Structure of Bat Major Histocompatibility Complex Class I with Heterologous β2-Microglobulin

Published on: March 10, 2021

6.8K
Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis
09:32

Immunopeptidomics: Isolation of Mouse and Human MHC Class I- and II-Associated Peptides for Mass Spectrometry Analysis

Published on: October 15, 2021

15.0K

Area of Science:

  • Immunogenetics
  • Transplantation immunology
  • Serology

Background:

  • Amino acid variations in human leukocyte antigen (HLA) molecules form serologic epitopes (residues determining epitopes: DEP) recognized by allo-antibodies.
  • Current clinical histocompatibility practices use solid phase (SP) tests with single antigen bead (SAB) panels to assess anti-HLA donor-specific antibodies (DSA) and antigenic risk via virtual crossmatch (VXM).
  • Previous proposals for new Associated Antigens based on DEPs had uncertain antigenicity, necessitating further investigation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To improve the accuracy of virtual crossmatch (VXM) testing by characterizing the antigenicity of specific human leukocyte antigen (HLA) epitopes.
  • To validate antibody enrichment techniques for identifying novel HLA epitopes and associated antigens.
  • To propose new HLA-B Associated Antigens and refine serologic characterization of HLA alleles.

Main Methods:

  • Selected highly complex reactive sera and reduced complexity through adsorption with magnetic beads or lymphocytes, followed by acid/neutralization.
  • Enriched specific allo-antibodies using single antigen beads (SABs) coated with target HLA molecules.
  • Tested eluates using SP-SAB assays to determine reactivity patterns and identify shared epitopes based on amino acid residues.

Main Results:

  • Validated an antibody enrichment process, identifying the serological equivalency of DEPs 167G and 167S.
  • Identified novel epitopes containing residues 103V and 109L, and potentially 107G and 109F, by analyzing reactivity patterns of enriched allo-antibodies.
  • Proposed 13 novel HLA-B Associated Antigens, with DEPs 103 and 109 incorporated into the HLA Allele To Serotype (HATS) software.

Conclusions:

  • The study successfully validated antibody enrichment methods for epitope characterization.
  • New insights into HLA epitope specificity were gained, leading to the identification of novel Associated Antigens.
  • The findings contribute to a more detailed serologic characterization of HLA alleles, potentially improving transplant compatibility assessments.