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Spatially Resolved 2D Laser Writing on Graphene Using Diazonium Salts.

Johanna Krüger¹, Tamara Nagel¹, Bowen Yang¹

¹Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy & Center of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP), Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU), Nikolaus-Fiebiger-Straße 10, 91058, Erlangen, Germany.

Chemistry (Weinheim an Der Bergstrasse, Germany)

|September 13, 2025

Summary

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Researchers demonstrate precise laser-guided graphene functionalization, defunctionalization, and refunctionalization. This novel "write-erase-rewrite" capability enables complex graphene architectures with micrometer precision.

Area of Science:

Materials Science
Nanotechnology
Surface Chemistry

Background:

Graphene's unique properties make it ideal for advanced electronics and materials.
Precise control over graphene's surface chemistry is crucial for its applications.
Existing functionalization methods often lack spatial control or require harsh conditions.

Purpose of the Study:

To investigate precise laser-guided patterning and functionalization of single-layer graphene (SLG).
To explore laser-induced defunctionalization and refunctionalization for creating complex graphene architectures.
To establish a robust platform for adaptable graphene modification.

Main Methods:

Utilized scanning Raman microscopy (SRM) to confirm spatially resolved functionalization.

Keywords:

Raman spectroscopy covalent patterning diazonium salts graphene laser writing

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Systematically investigated laser parameters (power, time, wavelength) and substituent electronic effects.

Employed a solid-phase approach using aryl diazonium salts for graphene modification.

Main Results:

Achieved high functionalization levels comparable to solution-based methods via laser-triggered covalent attachment.
Discovered a novel laser-induced defunctionalization pathway for precise functional group erasure.
Demonstrated a complete
write-erase-rewrite
cycle with successful refunctionalization of erased areas.

Conclusions:

Established a robust and adaptable platform for creating complex, mixed-functionalized graphene architectures.
Laser-guided modification offers micrometer precision and patterned functional group control.
This technique provides a significant advantage over nonselective thermal annealing for graphene patterning.