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Optical Sectioning and Visualization of the Intervertebral Disc from Embryonic Development to Degeneration
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Degeneration affects the structure-function relationship of the human meniscus.

Jonas Schwer1, Michael Gross1, Maria Ahrens1

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|September 13, 2025
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Summary

Osteoarthritis alters meniscus structure and function, increasing catabolic factors like MMP-3 and IL-6. Correlations between collagen and mechanical properties shift from positive to negative with increasing degeneration.

Keywords:
CatabolismInflammationMeniscus degenerationStructure-functionTerminal complement complex

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Area of Science:

  • Biomedical Engineering
  • Orthopedics
  • Rheumatology

Background:

  • Osteoarthritis (OA) involves degeneration of joint tissues, including the meniscus.
  • The relationship between meniscal structural integrity, function, and inflammatory mediators in OA is not fully understood.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the association between altered structure-function relationships in osteoarthritic menisci and the production of catabolic and inflammatory mediators.
  • To examine the role of the terminal complement complex (C5b-9) in meniscal degeneration.

Main Methods:

  • Human knee joint menisci (n=24) were categorized into mild and severe degeneration groups.
  • Mechanical testing (pull-to-failure, stress-relaxation) and biochemical assays (DNA, sGAG, collagen) were performed.
  • Immunohistochemistry assessed collagen types I/II, aggrecan, MMP-3, IL-6, C5b-9, and VEGF; Spearman correlations were calculated.

Main Results:

  • Severely degenerated menisci exhibited lower elastic modulus and tensile strength compared to mildly degenerated ones.
  • Degeneration increased permeability and sGAG content while decreasing overall collagen.
  • Severely degenerated menisci showed increased production of MMP-3, IL-6, and C5b-9.

Conclusions:

  • Distinct meniscal phenotypes are associated with OA degeneration severity.
  • Correlations between collagen and mechanical properties shifted from positive to negative as degeneration progressed, indicating complex changes in meniscal tissue during OA.