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Related Experiment Video

Updated: May 13, 2026

Corticospinal Excitability Modulation During Action Observation
12:33

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Enhancing Human Action Inhibition Through Cortico-Cortical Paired Associative Stimulation.

Lorenzo Però1, Nicolò Arlati1, Laura Lenzi1

  • 1Center For Studies and Research in Cognitive Neuroscience, Department of Psychology "Renzo Canestrari," Cesena Campus, Alma Mater Studiorum Università di Bologna, Cesena, Italy.

Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences
|September 14, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation (ccPAS) improved reactive inhibition by enhancing neural plasticity between the pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA/SMA) and the left motor cortex (lM1). This provides new insights into the action inhibition network.

Keywords:
Hebbian plasticityaction inhibition networkcortico–cortical paired associative stimulationreactive inhibitionstop signal task

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Area of Science:

  • Neuroscience
  • Cognitive Neuroscience
  • Motor Control

Background:

  • Reactive inhibition is vital for controlling actions, but its neural basis is unclear.
  • Impaired reactive inhibition is linked to various neurological and psychiatric disorders.
  • Understanding the action inhibition network (AIN) is crucial for developing targeted therapies.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the neural mechanisms underlying reactive inhibition using a novel TMS protocol.
  • To explore the functional relevance of specific brain regions within the AIN.
  • To determine if cortico-cortical paired associative stimulation (ccPAS) can modulate action inhibition.

Main Methods:

  • Employed ccPAS to induce Hebbian spike-timing-dependent plasticity (STDP) between key AIN regions.
  • Targeted connectivity between pre-supplementary motor area (preSMA/SMA) and left motor cortex (lM1).
  • Assessed behavioral changes using the stop signal task (SST) and neural plasticity via motor evoked potentials (MEPs).

Main Results:

  • Reactive inhibition performance improved significantly after ccPAS targeting the preSMA/SMA-lM1 pathway.
  • MEPs increased following preSMA/SMA-lM1 and right M1-lM1 stimulation, indicating plasticity.
  • A correlation was observed between resting motor threshold (rMT) and behavioral improvement in the preSMA/SMA group.

Conclusions:

  • ccPAS effectively enhances reactive inhibition by modulating plasticity within the AIN.
  • The preSMA/SMA-lM1 pathway plays a critical role in reactive inhibition.
  • Findings offer novel insights into the functional dynamics of the action inhibition network.