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Related Concept Videos

Types of Membrane Protrusions01:28

Types of Membrane Protrusions

The protrusion of the cell surface is an initial step for several cellular processes, including cell migration, phagocytosis, and neurite outgrowth. These membrane protrusions are a result of cytoskeletal rearrangement. The most  widely observed cell protrusions include lamellipodia, pseudopodia, filopodia, microvilli, invadopodia, and podosomes. These protrusions can be of two types — static or dynamic.
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[Research progress of photoacoustic imaging in diagnosis of limb lymphedema].

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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jun 20, 2026

A Reliable Porcine Fascio-Cutaneous Flap Model for Vascularized Composite Allografts Bioengineering Studies
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[Functional perforator flap: concept and clinical applications].

Hu Jiao1, Mengqing Zang1, Lu Zhou1

  • 1Department of Scar and Wound Treatment Ⅱ, Plastic Surgery Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100144, P. R. China.

Zhongguo Xiu Fu Chong Jian Wai Ke Za Zhi = Zhongguo Xiufu Chongjian Waike Zazhi = Chinese Journal of Reparative and Reconstructive Surgery
|September 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Functional perforator flaps enhance reconstructive surgery by restoring diverse bodily functions beyond simple tissue repair. These advanced techniques offer improved outcomes for complex defects.

Keywords:
Perforator flapchimeric flapflow-through flapfunctional perforator flaplymphatic drainagenerve repair

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Area of Science:

  • Reconstructive Surgery
  • Microsurgery
  • Tissue Engineering

Background:

  • Perforator flaps are a cornerstone of modern reconstructive surgery, primarily used for soft tissue repair.
  • There is a growing trend towards utilizing perforator flaps not just for coverage but for restoring specific human body functions.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical applications of functional perforator flaps in restoring human body functions.
  • To systematically organize and categorize existing knowledge on functional perforator flaps.

Main Methods:

  • An extensive literature review of domestic and international publications was performed.
  • The review focused on summarizing the clinical use of functional perforator flaps for functional restoration.

Main Results:

  • Functional perforator flaps represent an evolution from traditional perforator flaps, aiming for functional restoration alongside tissue repair.
  • Five main categories of functional perforator flaps were identified: chimeric, nerve function restoration, lymphatic drainage enhancement, flow-through, and bone/joint motion restoration.
  • Current literature consists mainly of scattered case studies, highlighting a need for systematic organization.

Conclusions:

  • The application of diverse functional perforator flap designs significantly improves outcomes in complex wound reconstruction.
  • Functional perforator flaps represent an effective strategy for managing complex defects, moving beyond simple wound closure to functional restoration.
  • Future advancements are expected to yield novel functional perforator flap designs to address increasingly complex reconstructive challenges.