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Non-Fouling TiO₂ Nanomaterial-Based Biosensors for Clinical Biomarker Detection.

Sh Nadzirah^1,2, Subash C B Gopinath^3,4,2,5, Manal Ammar⁶

¹Institute of Microengineering and Nanoelectronics (IMEN), Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia (UKM), Bangi, Malaysia.

Critical Reviews in Analytical Chemistry

|September 15, 2025

Summary

Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterial biosensors offer enhanced non-fouling properties for improved serological biomarker detection. These advanced biosensors demonstrate high sensitivity and specificity for rapid clinical diagnostics.

Keywords:

Biofouling clinical biomarker human serum semiconductor material surface charge

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Area of Science:

Biomedical Engineering
Materials Science
Analytical Chemistry

Background:

Biofouling impedes biosensor performance, especially in clinical diagnostics like serological biomarker analysis.
Selecting effective anti-biofouling strategies for biosensing surfaces remains a challenge.
Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanomaterials offer promising non-fouling characteristics for biosensor development.

Purpose of the Study:

To review advancements in TiO2 nanomaterial-based electrical biosensors for serological biomarker detection.
To highlight the role of TiO2 in enhancing non-fouling properties and specificity in biosensing.
To discuss the performance and clinical diagnostic potential of these biosensors.

Main Methods:

Surface modifications of TiO2 nanomaterials to reduce bio-adhesion.
Development of TiO2 nanomaterial-hybrid biosensors.
Electrical detection methods for serological markers.

Main Results:

TiO2 biosensors exhibit enhanced non-fouling properties, sensitivity, and specificity.
Rapid detection of human serum biomarkers in seconds with high accuracy (R²=0.99).
Achieved detection of biomarkers in the nanomolar range.

Conclusions:

TiO2 electrical biosensors show significant potential for clinical diagnosis of serological markers.
Surface modifications are key to leveraging TiO2's non-fouling capabilities.
Further research is needed to address limitations in real-time point-of-care applications and IoT integration.