Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Anatomy of the Ear01:16

Anatomy of the Ear

11.1K
Auditory sensation, commonly called hearing, involves the transformation of sonic waves into neural impulses facilitated by the structures of the auditory organ. The prominent, flesh-like structure on the side of the head, called the auricle, directs sound waves towards the auditory canal. The auricle is often mislabeled as the pinna, a term more aligned with mobile structures like a feline's external ear. The auditory canal penetrates the cranium via the external auditory meatus of the...
11.1K
The Cochlea01:13

The Cochlea

50.6K
The cochlea is a coiled structure in the inner ear that contains hair cells—the sensory receptors of the auditory system. Sound waves are transmitted to the cochlea by small bones attached to the eardrum called the ossicles, which vibrate the oval window that leads to the inner ear. This causes fluid in the chambers of the cochlea to move, vibrating the basilar membrane.
50.6K
The Auditory Ossicles01:11

The Auditory Ossicles

3.0K
The auditory ossicles of the middle ear transmit sounds from the air as vibrations to the fluid-filled cochlea. The auditory ossicles consist of two malleus (hammer) bones, two incus (anvil) bones, and two stapes (stirrups), one on each side. These bones develop during the fetal stage and are the ones to ossify first. They are fully mature at birth and do not grow afterward.
The aptly named stapes look very much like a stirrup. The three ossicles are unique to mammals, and each plays a role in...
3.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

AI integration in pediatric radiology: perspectives from international academic leaders.

European radiology·2026
Same author

Pediatric Castleman Disease Manifesting as a Lacrimal Gland Tumor.

Ophthalmic plastic and reconstructive surgery·2026
Same author

Executive Functioning in Single-Sided Deafness: A Pediatric Comparison with Temporal Lobe Epilepsy.

Journal of clinical medicine·2026
Same author

Comorbid Psychological Diagnoses in Children With Single-Sided Deafness Who Received or Are Under Consideration for Cochlear Implantation.

American journal of audiology·2026
Same author

Treatment of increased intracranial pressure secondary to otitic hydrocephalus.

Frontiers in pediatrics·2026
Same author

Effects of microphone placement and directionality on hearing-in-noise abilities in school-aged cochlear implant recipients.

Cochlear implants international·2025

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation
06:59

Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation

Published on: February 29, 2020

8.7K

Distinguishing Audiometric and Radiographic Features of Oval Window Atresia.

Keelin Fallon1,2, Amanda M Griffin2,3, Caroline D Robson2,3,4

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, UMASS Memorial Medical Center, Worcester, Massachusetts, USA.

The Laryngoscope
|September 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Oval window atresia (OWA) causes significant conductive hearing loss. A new classification system based on facial nerve position is proposed to improve middle ear surgery outcomes for this rare condition.

Keywords:
conductive hearing lossfacial nerve canalossicular anomaliesoval window atresia

More Related Videos

Author Spotlight: Extraction of Guinea Pig Round Window Membrane to Facilitate Inner Ear Drug Delivery Research
05:14

Author Spotlight: Extraction of Guinea Pig Round Window Membrane to Facilitate Inner Ear Drug Delivery Research

Published on: February 23, 2024

1.1K
Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy Retrograde Mastoidectomy using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique
07:06

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy Retrograde Mastoidectomy using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

Published on: May 23, 2021

4.4K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation
06:59

Intrathecal Application of a Fluorescent Dye for the Identification of Cerebrospinal Fluid Leaks in Cochlear Malformation

Published on: February 29, 2020

8.7K
Author Spotlight: Extraction of Guinea Pig Round Window Membrane to Facilitate Inner Ear Drug Delivery Research
05:14

Author Spotlight: Extraction of Guinea Pig Round Window Membrane to Facilitate Inner Ear Drug Delivery Research

Published on: February 23, 2024

1.1K
Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy Retrograde Mastoidectomy using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique
07:06

Endaural Endoscopic Atticoantrotomy Retrograde Mastoidectomy using a Constant Suction Bone-drilling Technique

Published on: May 23, 2021

4.4K

Area of Science:

  • Otolaryngology
  • Medical Imaging
  • Audiology

Background:

  • Oval window atresia (OWA) is a rare congenital condition causing maximal conductive hearing loss.
  • Associated ossicular and facial nerve canal (FNC) anomalies complicate middle ear surgical outcomes.
  • A standardized grading system for OWA-related temporal bone anomalies is lacking.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To characterize audiometric patterns of hearing loss in OWA.
  • To refine the classification system for OWA.
  • To determine surgical suitability for middle ear procedures in OWA patients.

Main Methods:

  • Retrospective review of audiological and radiological data from patients with OWA.
  • Analysis of temporal bone computerized tomography (CT) scans.
  • Inclusion of patients diagnosed between 01/2010 and 06/2024.

Main Results:

  • Thirty-one patients (48 ears) with OWA were identified.
  • A significant decrease in air-bone gap was observed as frequency increased.
  • Facial nerve canal anomalies were present in 43/48 ears, with 6 ears showing FNC overlaying the oval window.
  • Ossicular anomalies were reported in 46/48 ears, most commonly involving the stapes.

Conclusions:

  • OWA audiometrically presents with a consistent 60-80 dB air-bone gap at lower frequencies, decreasing above 2 kHz.
  • CT findings reveal significant variability in OWA.
  • A novel classification system based on facial nerve position is proposed to guide middle ear surgical feasibility.