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How Stereotype Threat Influences Cognitive Performance: It All Depends on How You Feel!

Saša Drače1, Verda Dolarević1, Elma Šašić1

  • 1University of Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina.

International Review of Social Psychology
|September 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Stereotype threat (ST) impacts performance differently based on the emotion experienced. Fear-based ST impairs difficult tasks, while anger-induced ST does not affect performance, suggesting emotions mediate ST effects.

Keywords:
effortemotionsmood behavior modelsituational demandsstereotype threattask difficultytask performance

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Area of Science:

  • Psychology
  • Social Psychology
  • Cognitive Psychology

Background:

  • Mood influences motivation and resource allocation based on perceived situational demands.
  • Negative moods can lead to overestimation of demands, affecting task engagement.
  • Stereotype threat (ST) is a phenomenon where individuals underperform due to concerns about confirming negative stereotypes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate if specific emotions, beyond general mood, explain the effects of stereotype threat on motivation and performance.
  • To examine the differential impact of fear-based ST versus anger-induced ST on easy and difficult cognitive tasks.
  • To explore the role of emotion appraisal in mediating stereotype threat effects.

Main Methods:

  • Two studies were conducted using participants in standard (fear-based) ST, anger-induced ST, and no-ST control conditions.
  • Participants performed either easy (Study 1) or difficult (Study 2) cognitive tasks.
  • Stereotype-related concerns were measured, and task performance was assessed.

Main Results:

  • Both ST conditions exhibited greater stereotype-related concerns than the control group.
  • Fear-based ST led to increased performance on easy tasks and decreased performance on difficult tasks, as expected.
  • Anger-induced ST did not produce the typical performance effects associated with stereotype threat.

Conclusions:

  • Specific emotions, such as fear and anger, play a crucial role in mediating the motivational and performance outcomes of stereotype threat.
  • The appraisal of stereotype threat, particularly the emotions it elicits, significantly influences task engagement and performance.
  • Understanding the emotional underpinnings of ST is key to predicting its impact on individuals' cognitive performance.