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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Studying the Effects of Tumor-Secreted Paracrine Ligands on Macrophage Activation using Co-Culture with Permeable Membrane Supports
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PKM2 orchestrates tumor progression via metabolic reprogramming and MDSCs-mediated immune suppression in the tumor

Wenxi Liu1, Jiaqi Wu1, Xinran Zhang2

  • 1Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Health Science Center, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, China.

Frontiers in Immunology
|September 15, 2025
PubMed

Keywords:
T cellcathepsinscysteinecathepsinsglycolysismyeloid-derived suppressor cellspyruvate kinase M2 typetumor microenvironment

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