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Targeting archetypes of viral-driven cancers with immunotherapy: a perspective on immunogenicity within the tumor

Keene Lee1, Seohyun Kim2,3, Junzhe Zhao4

  • 1Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Stanford Cancer Institute, Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, United States.

Frontiers in Immunology
|September 15, 2025
PubMed

Insights

Oncogenic viruses impact cancer immunity and response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). Understanding viral-driven cancers offers insights into improving immunotherapy and patient survival.

Area of Science:

  • Oncology
  • Virology
  • Immunology

Background:

  • Oncogenic viruses are increasingly recognized for their role in tumorigenesis.
  • These viruses significantly influence immune regulation and response to immune checkpoint blockade (ICB).

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the relationship between oncogenic viruses, tumor immunogenicity, and the tumor immune microenvironment.
  • To highlight features of viral-driven cancers regarding patient survival and immunotherapy response.

Main Methods:

  • Literature review of current research on viral oncogenesis and cancer immunology.
  • Analysis of distinct features and commonalities in viral-driven cancers and their response to immunotherapy.

Main Results:

  • Viral-driven cancers exhibit unique characteristics influencing patient prognosis and response to ICB.
  • Common mechanisms of resistance to immunotherapy in these cancers were identified.

Conclusions:

  • Viral-driven cancers present distinct immunogenic profiles and prognostic potential.
  • Exploiting the interplay between anti-viral and anti-tumor immunity is crucial for developing novel therapeutic strategies.
Keywords:
immune check inhibitor (ICI)immunogenicityimmunotherapytumor microenvironment (TME)viral-driven cancer

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