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Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

Types of Step-Growth Polymers: Polyesters

The introduction of polyesters has brought major development to the textile industry. The wrinkle-free behavior of polyester blends has eliminated the need for starching and ironing clothes.
Polyesters are commonly prepared from terephthalic acid and ethylene glycol; the crude product is known as poly(ethylene terephthalate) or PET. However, polyesters are synthesized industrially by transesterification of dimethyl terephthalate with ethylene glycol at 150 °C. The two reactants and the polymer...

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Updated: Jul 11, 2026

A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles

A Simple and Scalable Fabrication Method for Organic Electronic Devices on Textiles

Published on: March 13, 2017

Screen-Printable p- and n‑Type Functionalized Graphene Inks for Flexible Textile Thermoelectric Generators.

Samantha Newby¹, Md Raju Ahmed¹, Wajira Mirihanage¹

¹Department of Materials, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, U.K.

|September 15, 2025

Summary

Researchers developed printable graphene inks for flexible thermoelectric textiles that harvest body heat. These sustainable wearable generators offer a cost-effective solution for powering electronics and sensors.

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Last Updated: Jul 11, 2026

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Energy Harvesting
Textile Engineering

Background:

Wearable thermoelectric (TE) generators offer a sustainable method for powering low-energy electronics by utilizing body heat.
Graphene's unique properties make it a promising material for TE applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop fully screen-printable, solution-processed graphene inks for flexible textile thermoelectric applications.
To create scalable and cost-effective wearable thermoelectric systems.

Main Methods:

Screen-printing of p- and n-type graphene inks onto woven cotton substrates.
Fabrication of all-graphene thermoelectric modules integrated into textiles.
Electrical and thermal characterization of the TE textile devices.

Main Results:

Achieved Seebeck coefficients of +34 μV/K.
Generated open-circuit voltages up to 5.24 mV under a 40°C temperature gradient.
Demonstrated stable operation with good adhesion, flexibility, and thermal response without postprocessing.

Conclusions:

Presents a cost-effective, scalable, and environmentally benign approach for wearable thermoelectric systems.
Highlights the potential for powering flexible electronics, health monitoring sensors, and energy-autonomous garments.
Demonstrates the feasibility of using screen-printable graphene inks for flexible and breathable TE textiles.