Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella01:16

Bones of the Lower Limb: Femur and Patella

4.8K
The femur is the body's longest and strongest bone spanning the thigh region. Its head articulates with the acetabulum of the hip bone to form the hip joint. A minor indentation on the medial side of the femoral head, called the fovea capitis, serves as the site of attachment for the ligament of the head of the femur. This weak ligament spans the femur and acetabulum and supports the hip joint. The narrowed region below the head is the neck of the femur. The inclination angle between the...
4.8K
Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula01:10

Bones of the Lower Limb: Tibia and Fibula

8.9K
The tibia is the main weight-bearing bone of the lower leg. It is larger than the fibula with which it is paired. The tibia is also the second longest bone in the body and is located right below the skin. The proximal end of the tibia forms the medial and the lateral condyle, which articulates with the condyles of the femur to form the knee joint. Between the articulating surfaces is the irregular elevated area known as the intercondylar eminence that serves as the inferior attachment point for...
8.9K
Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age01:09

Changes in the Appendicular Skeleton with Age

3.4K
The upper and lower limb initially develops as a small bulge called a limb bud, which appears on the lateral side of the early embryo. The upper limb bud appears near the end of the fourth week of development, with the lower limb bud appearing shortly after.
Initially, the limb buds consist of a core of mesenchyme covered by a layer of ectoderm. The ectoderm at the end of the limb bud thickens to form a narrow crest called the apical ectodermal ridge. This ridge stimulates the underlying...
3.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Blood Flow Restriction Therapy in the Shoulder: A Review.

The Iowa orthopaedic journal·2026
Same author

What Is the "Perfect" Lateral Radiograph? Effects of Beam Directionality and Condylar Alignment on the Perceived Location of the Medial Patellofemoral Ligament: Response.

The American journal of sports medicine·2026
Same author

Finding the physeal midpoint for distal femoral hemiepiphysiodesis utilizing novel anatomic measurements.

Journal of pediatric orthopedics. Part B·2026
Same author

Short-Term Outcomes Following Periportal Versus Interportal Capsulotomy With Closure in Nondysplastic Women Undergoing Hip Arthroscopy for Femoroacetabular Impingement.

The American journal of sports medicine·2026
Same author

Resistance to Axial Traction Decreases Over Time Following Repaired Periportal Capsulotomies During Hip Arthroscopy.

Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association·2026
Same author

Editorial Commentary: Tobacco or Not-All Nicotine Products Negatively Impact Rotator Cuff Surgery.

Arthroscopy : the journal of arthroscopic & related surgery : official publication of the Arthroscopy Association of North America and the International Arthroscopy Association·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach
09:01

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Published on: January 24, 2018

12.2K

Return to Alta: Patellar Height Increases Over Time After Tibial Tubercle Osteotomy With Distalization.

Benjamin T Johnson1, Collin D R Hunter1, Robert T Burks1

  • 1University of Utah, Department of Orthopaedic Surgery, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA.

Orthopaedic Journal of Sports Medicine
|September 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Tibial tubercle osteotomy with distalization (TTO-d) for patellar instability may lead to a return of patella alta. Postoperative patellar height increases over time, indicating a potential recurrence of the condition.

Keywords:
distalizationkneepatella altapatella dislocationpatella instabilitytibial tubercle osteotomy

More Related Videos

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
07:24

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Published on: January 23, 2018

10.7K
A Rat Tibial Growth Plate Injury Model to Characterize Repair Mechanisms and Evaluate Growth Plate Regeneration Strategies
06:53

A Rat Tibial Growth Plate Injury Model to Characterize Repair Mechanisms and Evaluate Growth Plate Regeneration Strategies

Published on: July 4, 2017

11.6K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach
09:01

Treatment of Ankle Osteoarthritis with Total Ankle Replacement Through a Lateral Transfibular Approach

Published on: January 24, 2018

12.2K
Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus
07:24

Autologous Microfractured and Purified Adipose Tissue for Arthroscopic Management of Osteochondral Lesions of the Talus

Published on: January 23, 2018

10.7K
A Rat Tibial Growth Plate Injury Model to Characterize Repair Mechanisms and Evaluate Growth Plate Regeneration Strategies
06:53

A Rat Tibial Growth Plate Injury Model to Characterize Repair Mechanisms and Evaluate Growth Plate Regeneration Strategies

Published on: July 4, 2017

11.6K

Area of Science:

  • Orthopedic surgery
  • Biomechanics
  • Radiographic analysis

Background:

  • Patellar instability with patella alta is often treated with tibial tubercle osteotomy with distalization (TTO-d).
  • The long-term effects of TTO-d on maintaining postoperative patellar height are not well understood.
  • This study investigates patellar height changes after TTO-d in skeletally mature patients.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To assess changes in patellar height after TTO-d.
  • To determine if patellar height returns to a state of alta post-TTO-d.
  • Hypothesize a return to patella alta after surgical distalization.

Main Methods:

  • Case series (Level of evidence, 4).
  • Included skeletally mature patients with follow-up radiographs ≥3 months post-TTO-d.
  • Calculated Caton-Deschamp (CD) and Blackburne-Peele (BP) indices preoperatively, immediately postoperatively, and at 3-month, 6-month, and ≥1-year follow-ups.

Main Results:

  • 35 knees in 28 patients were analyzed, with 20 having ≥1-year follow-up.
  • Preoperative CD and BP indices decreased significantly immediately post-TTO-d (P < .001).
  • At ≥1-year follow-up, CD and BP indices increased significantly (P < .001), with 88% showing a transition to patella alta.

Conclusions:

  • TTO-d resulted in progressive increases in patellar height indices over time.
  • A return to patella alta was observed in most patients with long-term follow-up.
  • Further research is needed to correlate radiographic findings with clinical outcomes.