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Related Concept Videos

ECG Interpretation of Arrhythmias II: Atrial, Junctional and Ventricular Arrhythmias01:25

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Arrhythmia is a condition characterized by an irregular heart rhythm, with ECG changes that differ based on its origin and nature. The types of arrhythmias discussed below include atrial, junctional, and ventricular arrhythmias.Atrial ArrhythmiasPremature Atrial Complexes (PACs): PACs are early atrial beats caused by stress, caffeine, alcohol, electrolyte imbalances, hypoxia, hyperthyroidism, or certain medications (e.g., bronchodilators and decongestants). The ECG shows early P waves with an...
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Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias01:30

Dysrhythmias V: Evaluating Dysrhythmias

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Dysrhythmias, also known as arrhythmias, are disturbances in the heart's rhythm that range from benign to life-threatening. A thorough evaluation is crucial for appropriate management and involves a comprehensive medical history, physical examination, and various diagnostic tests.Medical HistorySymptoms: Collect detailed information on palpitations, dizziness, syncope, chest pain, and fatigue. Note their onset, frequency, and triggers.Previous Cardiac Issues: Document any history of heart...
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Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers01:20

Blood Studies for Cardiovascular System I: Cardiac Biomarkers

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Cardiac biomarkers are enzymes, proteins, and hormones released into the blood when cardiac cells are injured. They are powerful tools for triaging.
The essential diagnostic tools for detecting myocardial necrosis and monitoring individuals suspected of having acute coronary syndrome (ACS) include:
Troponins
Troponins, particularly cardiac troponins I and T, are the most precise and sensitive markers of myocardial injury. They are detectable within 4-6 hours of myocardial injury and remain...
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Dysrhythmias VI: Management of Dysrhythmias01:25

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Dysrhythmia management involves a multifaceted approach, incorporating pharmacological treatments, medical procedures, surgical interventions, lifestyle modifications, and patient education.Pharmacological ManagementAntiarrhythmic Drugs:Class I (Sodium Channel Blockers): This class includes quinidine and procainamide, which reduce the speed of impulse conduction in the heart, stabilize the cardiac membrane, and control arrhythmias. Quinidine and procainamide are Class IA agents that prolong the...
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Pulse rhythm01:30

Pulse rhythm

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Pulse rhythm refers to the pattern of pulsations within specific intervals, offering valuable insights into the regularity or irregularity of the heart's beats as observed through the pattern of pulsation within specific intervals. A regular pulse exhibits a consistent heart rate with uniform waveforms and pulsation force, variations of which can be classified as normal, weak, or bounding.
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Disturbances in Heart Rhythm01:29

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Arrhythmia or dysrhythmia refers to an abnormal heart rhythm caused by a defect in the heart's conduction system. It can cause the heart to beat irregularly, too quickly, or too slowly, leading to symptoms like chest pain, shortness of breath, and fainting. Factors such as stress, caffeine, alcohol, nicotine, cocaine, certain drugs, congenital defects, diseases, and electrolyte abnormalities can trigger arrhythmias.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Catheter Ablation in Combination With Left Atrial Appendage Closure for Atrial Fibrillation
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Circulating Biomarkers and Recurrence of Persistent Atrial Fibrillation After Electrical Cardioversion.

Elizabeth Lyster Andersen1,2, Magnar Gangås Solberg1,2, Steve Enger1

  • 1Department of Medical Research, Bærum Hospital, Vestre Viken Hospital Trust, Gjettum, Norway.

Biomarker Insights
|September 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) was elevated in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence after electrical cardioversion (ECV). However, TIMP-1 and other biomarkers showed limited ability to predict rhythm outcomes in persistent AF patients undergoing ECV.

Keywords:
AF recurrenceatrial fibrillationbiomarkerselectrical cardioversionrhythm controlrhythm outcomes

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Biomarker Research
  • Electrophysiology

Background:

  • Rhythm control therapy, including electrical cardioversion (ECV), is recommended for symptomatic atrial fibrillation (AF) to improve quality of life.
  • AF recurrence after ECV is common, necessitating strategies to predict rhythm outcomes.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the predictive value of circulating biomarkers for rhythm outcomes in patients with persistent AF undergoing ECV.
  • To identify potential biomarkers that could guide treatment decisions for AF rhythm control.

Main Methods:

  • An observational cohort study included 200 patients aged 18+ undergoing ECV for AF.
  • Blood samples were analyzed for biomarkers including PAI-1, sST2, GAL-3, IL-6, MMP-9, TIMP-1, GDF-15, TGF-β1, and FGF-23.
  • AF recurrence was monitored for 28 days post-ECV using ECG.

Main Results:

  • Of 188 eligible patients, 90 experienced AF recurrence within 28 days post-ECV.
  • Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase-1 (TIMP-1) levels were significantly higher in patients with AF recurrence compared to those maintaining sinus rhythm.
  • Other tested biomarkers (PAI-1, sST2, GAL-3, IL-6, MMP-9, GDF-15, TGF-β1, FGF-23) did not differ between groups.

Conclusions:

  • TIMP-1 showed a statistically significant association with AF recurrence but had limited predictive ability due to overlapping distributions.
  • The investigated biomarkers are not recommended for selecting candidates for ECV in persistent AF.
  • Further research may be needed to identify reliable biomarkers for predicting AF recurrence after ECV.