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Cardiopulmonary resuscitation, or CPR, is a life-saving emergency procedure performed when a person's heart has stopped beating or they are no longer breathing. The foundation of CPR is Basic Life Support (BLS), which focuses on the early recognition of cardiac arrest, the immediate start of high-quality chest compressions, and the timely use of an automated external defibrillator (AED).Assessing Responsiveness and Checking the Carotid PulseWhen approaching an unresponsive person, first ensure...
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Managing flail chest, a condition characterized by a segment of the chest wall moving independently from the rest of the thoracic cage, requires a comprehensive approach. It includes a thorough assessment of the patient's condition, a diagnostic evaluation to determine the extent of the injury, and the implementation of appropriate medical interventions tailored to the individual's needs.
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Diagnosing Pulmonary EmbolismDiagnosing pulmonary embolism (PE) involves clinical assessment and advanced imaging tests. The preferred diagnostic tool is the spiral (helical) CT scan or CT angiography (CTA), which uses intravenous contrast media to visualize the pulmonary vasculature and identify emboli.A ventilation-perfusion (V/Q) scan is an alternative for patients unable to receive contrast media. This scan includes both perfusion and ventilation scanning. Perfusion scanning involves...
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Leg-foot chest compressions: a scoping review.

Nino Fijačko1,2, Kristina McShea3, Eva Dolenc Šparovec4

  • 1University of Maribor Faculty of Health Sciences, Maribor, Slovenia.

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|September 15, 2025
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Summary

Leg-foot chest compressions (CCs) may be feasible and reduce fatigue, but human studies are lacking. Current evidence on manikins shows variable results, highlighting the need for further research into this alternative CPR technique.

Keywords:
Ball of the footCardiopulmonary resuscitationChest compressionsHeel of the footLeg-foot

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Area of Science:

  • Cardiology
  • Emergency Medicine
  • Resuscitation Science

Background:

  • High-quality chest compressions (CCs) are critical for successful resuscitation.
  • Standard hand CCs can be physically demanding and difficult to perform correctly.
  • Leg-foot CCs present a potential alternative when hand CCs are challenging.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To conduct a scoping review of existing literature on leg-foot CCs.
  • To describe current evidence regarding the feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness of leg-foot CCs.
  • To identify gaps in research concerning leg-foot CCs and their impact on patient outcomes.

Main Methods:

  • A comprehensive scoping review was performed, searching eight databases and other sources from 1960 to 2024.
  • Studies involving leg-foot CCs on humans, animals, or manikins were included.
  • Outcomes assessed included feasibility, acceptability, and effectiveness (rate, depth, recoil, location) compared to hand CCs.

Main Results:

  • Fourteen studies comparing leg-foot and hand CCs were identified, all utilizing manikins; no human studies were found.
  • Manikin studies showed variable results regarding compression depth, rate, recoil, and location.
  • Some studies suggested potential benefits for heavier participants or with balance aids, and mixed findings on fatigue reduction.

Conclusions:

  • No human studies on leg-foot CCs were identified in this review.
  • While manikin studies indicate feasibility and potential fatigue reduction, results are inconsistent.
  • Further research, including animal and human trials, is essential to evaluate the efficacy and safety of leg-foot CCs.