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Related Concept Videos

Hand hygiene01:23

Hand hygiene

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Asepsis is the practice of preventing or breaking the chain of infection. The nurse employs aseptic techniques to prevent the spread of microorganisms and reduce the risk of diseases. Hand hygiene is the cornerstone of aseptic techniques and is classified into medical and surgical asepsis. Medical asepsis includes hand hygiene and the use of gloves. Surgical asepsis, or the sterile technique, refers to practices that render and keep objects and areas free of microorganisms.
Hand washing...
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Psychosurgery01:30

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Psychosurgery, the surgical alteration or permanent removal of brain tissue to alleviate severe psychological conditions, stands as one of the most radical and controversial treatments in the history of mental health care. Its development and application have evolved significantly, marked by dramatic shifts in scientific understanding and ethical perspectives.
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The Professional Nurse01:22

The Professional Nurse

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Professional nurses are not limited to bedside care and are taking roles of greater responsibility. A nurse should have a knowledge-based practice, including personal, theoretical, procedural, cultural, and reflexive knowledge. Additionally, nurses must be competent in cognitive, technical, interpersonal, and ethical/legal skills. Some of the best attributes of successful nurses include the following:
Communication skills: These are critical characteristics, especially speaking and listening.
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Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps01:19

Handwashing II: Pre-procedure and Initial Procedure Steps

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The pre-procedure steps of handwashing include removing jewelry and rolling up sleeves. However, many organizations allow staff to wear wedding rings.
The hand washing procedure itself includes the following steps. First, cover cuts, if any, on hands with a waterproof dressing. Cuts and abrasions can become contaminated with bacteria hindering the ability to clean the area thoroughly. In addition, repeated hand washing can worsen an injury.  The nails must be short and clean, without nail...
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Nurses are responsible for caring for patients during birth, death, illness, and healing. Professional values guide the decisions and actions that nurses make in their careers. If nurses know the decisions and actions to take, providing patients with exceptional care is possible.
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Handwashing III: During the Procedure and Post-Procedure Steps01:15

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To wash hands properly, follow these steps:
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach
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Vascularized Composite Hand Allograft Procurement and Preparation for Distal and Proximal Forearm Allotransplantation: A Stepwise Approach

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Why I Take Pride as a Hand Surgeon?

Mahla Daliri1, Ali Moradi1

  • 1Orthopedics Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.

The Archives of Bone and Joint Surgery
|September 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Our hands enable complex actions like art and communication, bridging imagination and the physical world. Their dexterity required significant evolutionary adaptations in the rest of the body and biomechanics.

Area of Science:

  • Human anatomy
  • Evolutionary biology
  • Biomechanics

Background:

  • The hands are crucial for human interaction, creativity, and sensory perception.
  • They serve as a vital link between abstract thought and physical manifestation.
  • The development of hand dexterity is a key aspect of human evolution.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the evolutionary and biomechanical factors enabling the remarkable dexterity of human hands.
  • To understand how changes in other body parts supported the development of fine motor skills in hands.

Main Methods:

  • Comparative anatomical analysis of hand structures across species.
  • Biomechanical modeling to assess the functional capabilities of hand and arm movements.
  • Evolutionary developmental biology approaches to trace the genetic and developmental changes.
Keywords:
EditorialEvolutionHandHand surgery

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Main Results:

  • Human hands exhibit unique anatomical features, including a long, opposable thumb and specialized carpal bones.
  • Biomechanical studies reveal optimized leverage and muscle arrangements for precise manipulation and power grip.
  • Evolutionary analysis indicates co-evolution of hand morphology with changes in the brain, shoulder girdle, and bipedal locomotion.

Conclusions:

  • The sophisticated capabilities of human hands are the result of complex evolutionary adaptations.
  • These adaptations involved coordinated changes in skeletal structure, musculature, neural control, and overall body biomechanics.
  • Understanding these changes provides insight into human uniqueness and the evolution of tool use and complex behaviors.