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When T cells with CD4 markers are activated, they give rise to two types of effector cells: helper T cells and regulatory T cells. Meanwhile, T cells with CD8 markers differentiate into effector cytotoxic T cells. The differentiation of CD4 T cells into helper T cell subsets, such as Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells, is dependent on the antigen type, antigen-presenting cell, and regulatory cytokines.
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Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF), a proinflammatory cytokine, contributes significantly to the inflammation seen in Crohn's disease. It exists as soluble TNF and membrane-bound TNF, with actions mediated through TNF receptors (TNFR). TNFR activation leads to the release of proinflammatory cytokines, T-cell activation, collagen production, and leukocyte migration, all contributing to inflammation in Crohn's disease. Anti-TNF monoclonal antibodies, namely infliximab (Remicade), adalimumab...
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The adaptive immune response, a sophisticated defense mechanism, relies on the activation and differentiation of B lymphocytes, or B cells. These processes enable our bodies to mount a tailored response against specific pathogens such as bacteria, free virus particles, toxins, and parasites.
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Immunotherapy is a treatment that boosts or manipulates the immune system to fight diseases, including cancer. For instance, by stimulating an immune response through vaccinations against viruses that cause cancers, like hepatitis B virus and human papillomavirus, these diseases can be prevented. Nonetheless, some cancer cells can avoid the immune system due to their rapid mutation and division. The immune response to many cancers involves three phases: elimination, equilibrium, and escape.
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Rheumatoid Arthritis Therapy Based on B Cells.

Yongqi Liang1, Menglei Zha1, Qifeng Liu1

  • 1Dongguan Key Laboratory of Chronic Inflammatory Diseases, The First Dongguan Affiliated Hospital, Guangdong Medical University, Dongguan, Guangdong, People's Republic of China.

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Summary

Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) treatments face limitations. This review explores B cell roles and novel therapies, including nanotechnology, for improved RA management and safety.

Keywords:
B cellsRAantigen presentationimmune regulationtargeted therapy

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Area of Science:

  • Immunology
  • Rheumatology
  • Nanotechnology

Background:

  • Rheumatoid arthritis (RA) is a chronic autoimmune disease causing joint inflammation and disability.
  • Current RA therapies like DMARDs and biologics have limitations including toxicity and resistance.
  • B lymphocytes play a key role in RA pathogenesis, but their specific functions require further elucidation.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the clinical burden of RA and limitations of existing therapies.
  • To examine the evolving understanding of B cell pathophysiology in RA.
  • To explore novel B cell-targeted interventions and nanotechnology for RA treatment.

Main Methods:

  • Comprehensive literature review of RA pathogenesis and therapies.
  • Critical evaluation of established B cell-directed interventions (depletion, modulation, Breg promotion).
  • Exploration of innovative nanofabrication technologies for therapeutic delivery.

Main Results:

  • B cells are central to RA initiation and progression.
  • Existing B cell therapies show efficacy but have limitations.
  • Nanotechnology offers potential to overcome current therapeutic barriers.

Conclusions:

  • Novel therapeutic strategies are needed for RA with improved safety and efficacy.
  • Targeting specific B cell subpopulations and leveraging nanotechnology holds promise for future RA management.
  • Further research into B cell functions and advanced delivery systems is crucial for effective RA treatment.