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Topoisomerases are enzymes that relax overwound DNA molecules during various cell processes, including DNA replication and transcription. These enzymes regulate positive and negative DNA supercoiling without changing the nucleotide sequence. DNA overwinding in a clockwise direction results in positively supercoiled DNA, whereas underwinding in a counterclockwise direction produces negatively supercoiled DNA.
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The coupling interactions of nuclei across four or more bonds are usually weak, with J values less than 1 Hz. While these are usually not observed in spectra, the presence of multiple bonds along the coupling pathway can result in observable long-range coupling.
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Probing Topological Entanglement on Large Scales.

Robert Ott1,2, Torsten V Zache1,2, Nishad Maskara3

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This summary is machine-generated.

Measuring long-range entanglement in topological quantum matter is difficult. This study introduces a new protocol using local Hamiltonian changes to extract these entanglement features from small subsystems, making measurements feasible.

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Area of Science:

  • Quantum Physics
  • Condensed Matter Physics
  • Quantum Information Science

Background:

  • Topologically ordered quantum matter displays complex long-range entanglement patterns.
  • Subsystem entropies are key indicators of topological order but are challenging to measure in large systems.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a practical protocol for measuring long-range topological entanglement.
  • To enable the certification of topological order through subsystem entropy measurements on smaller scales.

Main Methods:

  • A protocol employing local adiabatic deformations of the Hamiltonian.
  • Extracting universal entanglement features from measurements on small, finite-sized subsystems.
  • Trading an exponential number of measurements for polynomial-time quantum evolution.

Main Results:

  • The proposed protocol successfully extracts universal features of long-range topological entanglement.
  • Demonstrated applicability to various string-net models, including Abelian and non-Abelian phases.
  • Numerical simulations confirmed the protocol's effectiveness in neutral atom tweezer arrays.

Conclusions:

  • The protocol offers a feasible method for measuring topological entanglement in quantum systems.
  • It significantly simplifies the experimental requirements for certifying topological order.
  • The approach is general and adaptable to diverse quantum simulation platforms.