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A Phenoplast-based Structural Electrolyte with High Ionic Conductivity for Fire-Resistant Energy Storage Composites.

Zhao Sha¹, Ziyan Gao¹, Yingkun Sheng¹

¹School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Kensington, Sydney, NSW2052, Australia.

ACS Applied Materials & Interfaces

|September 15, 2025

Summary

This study developed a new fire-resistant polymer electrolyte using phenolic resin for structural energy storage. This safer material offers high ionic conductivity and mechanical strength for advanced battery applications.

Keywords:

energy storage composites flame retardancy ionic conductivity phenolic resin structural electrolyte

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Area of Science:

Materials Science
Electrochemistry
Polymer Science

Background:

Structural energy storage composites offer lightweight, multifunctional solutions for drones and aircraft.
Conventional epoxy-based polymer electrolytes are flammable, limiting their use in demanding applications.

Purpose of the Study:

To develop a fire-resistant polymer electrolyte for structural energy storage.
To address the flammability limitations of current epoxy-based electrolytes.

Main Methods:

Developed a phenolic resin (phenoplast)-based electrolyte using ionic liquid (EMIM TFSI) and lithium salt (LiTFSI).
Utilized emulsion polymerization enabled by synergistic interactions between ionic liquid and lithium salt.
Incorporated MXene nanofillers to enhance ionic conductivity.

Main Results:

Achieved a tunable ionic conductivity of 2.87 mS/cm and mechanical strength of 19 MPa.
Demonstrated exceptional flame retardancy with a V-0 rating, surpassing epoxy-based electrolytes.
Composite structural supercapacitors exhibited excellent electrochemical, mechanical, and fire-resistance performance.

Conclusions:

The novel phenoplast-based electrolyte offers a safer, high-performance alternative for structural energy storage.
This technology has significant potential for advancing safer and more efficient battery-powered systems.
The tunable properties and fire resistance open new avenues for multifunctional materials.