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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components
08:43

Fused Filament Fabrication FFF of Metal-Ceramic Components

Published on: January 11, 2019

17.9K

Characterization of emissions generated during additive manufacturing of polymer parts by the fused deposition

François-Xavier Keller1, Laurence Robert1, Jennifer Klingler1

  • 1Institut National de Recherche et de Sécurité (INRS), Vandœuvre-les-Nancy, France.

Journal of Occupational and Environmental Hygiene
|September 15, 2025
PubMed
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Indoor air·2020

3D printing releases airborne particles and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Local exhaust ventilation significantly reduces these emissions by 95-99%, making it essential for operator safety.

Area of Science:

  • Occupational Health and Safety
  • Environmental Science
  • Materials Science

Background:

  • Additive manufacturing, or 3D printing, presents occupational risks.
  • Characterizing airborne emissions from 3D printing is crucial for worker safety.
  • Polymers commonly used in 3D printing may release hazardous substances.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To quantify airborne particle and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from 3D printing.
  • To assess the efficacy of local exhaust ventilation in mitigating these emissions.
  • To evaluate emissions from Acrylonitrile Butadiene Styrene (ABS), Acrylonitrile Styrene Acrylate (ASA), and PolyEthylene Terephthalate Glycol (PETG) materials.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized direct-reading instruments and active tube air sampling for comprehensive emission measurement.
Keywords:
AerosolsVOCs (Volatile Organic Compounds)process emissionsreal-time monitoringultrafine particlesventilation

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  • Monitored particle number concentrations and real-time VOC profiles, including styrene.
  • Recorded and analyzed extraction ventilation parameters on a Zortrax M300 3D printer.

    • Main Results:

    • Significant airborne particle concentrations were detected, indicating potential operator exposure.
    • Total VOC concentrations varied by material: ABS (432.8 µg/m³), ASA (124.1 µg/m³), and PETG (4.7 µg/m³).
    • Local exhaust ventilation reduced airborne concentrations by 95% to 99%.

    Conclusions:

    • 3D printing with polymers generates airborne particles and VOCs, posing occupational risks.
    • Local exhaust ventilation is a highly effective control measure for reducing 3D printing emissions.
    • Implementing extraction systems for 3D printers is strongly recommended to protect operators.