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Proteins can form homomeric complexes with another unit of the same protein or heteromeric complexes with different types.  Most protein complexes self-assemble spontaneously via ordered pathways, while some proteins need assembly factors that guide their proper assembly. Despite the crowded intracellular environment, proteins usually interact with their correct partners and form functional complexes.
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The selection of a drug's delivery route depends upon its physicochemical properties, including lipid or water solubility and ionization, as well as the therapeutic requirement, such as immediate or sustained effect. These routes can be divided into three primary categories: enteral, parenteral, and topical.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Directed Assembly of Elastin-like Proteins into defined Supramolecular Structures and Cargo Encapsulation In Vitro
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Protein-based self-assembled delivery systems for food nutraceuticals.

Yafei Zhang1, Zenghui Xia1, Yiran Wang1

  • 1College of Food Science and Nutritional Engineering, China Agricultural University, Beijing, 100083, China.

International Journal of Biological Macromolecules
|September 15, 2025
PubMed
Summary

Protein-based self-assembled delivery systems (PSDSs) offer a novel solution for enhancing the stability and bioavailability of food nutraceuticals (FNs). This review explores the self-assembly-structure-function relationship of PSDSs for improved FNs delivery.

Keywords:
Delivery systemProteinSelf-assembly

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Area of Science:

  • Food Science
  • Materials Science
  • Biotechnology

Background:

  • Food nutraceuticals (FNs) face challenges like decomposition and poor absorption, limiting their effectiveness.
  • Protein-based delivery systems offer a promising solution due to proteins' nutritional value and structural versatility.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To review the self-assembly-structure-function paradigm of protein-based self-assembled delivery systems (PSDSs).
  • To highlight how protein self-assembly influences the properties and applications of FNs delivery systems.

Main Methods:

  • Review of literature on protein self-assembly mechanisms and driving forces.
  • Analysis of how protein structure dictates the formation of various delivery systems (nanotubes, nanogels, etc.).
  • Examination of the impact of PSDSs on FNs stability, solubility, and bioavailability.

Main Results:

  • Protein self-assembly, driven by non-covalent bonds and facilitated by amphiphilic properties, leads to diverse structures.
  • PSDSs effectively enhance FNs stability, improve solubility, mask flavors, and overcome absorption barriers.
  • Different protein structures yield distinct functionalities for targeted FNs delivery.

Conclusions:

  • Understanding the self-assembly-structure-function relationship is key to developing advanced PSDSs.
  • PSDSs hold significant potential for improving the efficacy and application of food nutraceuticals.