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Physiological Control of Respiration01:23

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Physical Assessment of the Respiratory Tract II: Inspection01:27

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Physical assessment of the respiratory tract through inspection is a crucial step in understanding the patient's respiratory health. It provides insights into the functioning of the respiratory system, the musculoskeletal structure, and even the patient's nutritional status. This comprehensive approach involves observing several vital aspects: chest configuration, breathing patterns, respiratory rates, skin color, and use of accessory muscles.
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Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Investigation into Deep Breathing through Measurement of Ventilatory Parameters and Observation of Breathing Patterns
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The breath-back connection: A systematic review.

A Mirtaleb1, N Rahmani1, K Kazemi2

  • 1Neuromusculoskeletal Rehabilitation Research Center, University of Social Welfare and Rehabilitation Sciences, Tehran, Iran.

Journal of Bodywork and Movement Therapies
|September 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Individuals with low back pain (LBP) show altered diaphragm and abdominal muscle function during breathing. This breath-back connection impacts spinal stability, suggesting new rehabilitation approaches for LBP management.

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Area of Science:

  • Physiotherapy
  • Biomechanics
  • Respiratory Physiology

Background:

  • Low back pain (LBP) is linked to impaired core stability and respiratory function.
  • The diaphragm and deep abdominal muscles play a crucial role in both breathing and spinal stabilization.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To systematically review diaphragm and core stabilizer muscle function in individuals with LBP versus healthy controls during breathing.
  • To synthesize current evidence on muscle thickness, activity, and mechanics.

Main Methods:

  • Systematic literature search across major scientific databases (PubMed, Scopus, etc.) up to April 2024.
  • Inclusion of 14 studies (case-control, cross-sectional) assessing diaphragm, abdominal, and lumbar multifidus muscles.
  • Quality appraisal using the CASP checklist.

Main Results:

  • Varied diaphragm thickness, excursion, and fatigability in LBP patients; inconsistent functional data.
  • Significant differences in abdominal muscle (transversus abdominis, internal oblique) activation and recruitment patterns in LBP.
  • Conflicting findings on abdominal muscle thickness in LBP, with potential compensatory roles.

Conclusions:

  • Altered diaphragm and abdominal muscle function in LBP supports the breath-back connection theory.
  • Inconsistencies necessitate research into LBP subgroups and refined rehabilitation strategies.
  • Understanding respiratory-core interactions is key for effective LBP management.