Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution01:14

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Spin State Population Distribution

2.3K
Near absolute zero temperatures, in the presence of a magnetic field, the majority of nuclei prefer the lower energy spin-up state to the higher energy spin-down state. As temperatures increase, the energy from thermal collisions distributes the spins more equally between the two states. The Boltzmann distribution equation gives the ratio of the number of spins predicted in the spin −½ (N−) and spin +½ (N+) states.
2.3K
Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature01:27

Atomic Spectroscopy: Effects of Temperature

845
Atomization, converting samples into gas-phase atoms and ions, is essential for atomic spectroscopy. The flame temperature required for atomization affects the efficiency of the atomic spectroscopic methods by increasing the atomization efficiency and the relative population of the excited and ground states.
At thermal equilibrium, the relative populations of excited and ground state atoms can be estimated using the Maxwell–Boltzmann distribution. For example, an increase in temperature...
845
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics01:14

Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics

6.8K
Experimentally, if object A is in equilibrium with object B, and object B is in equilibrium with object C, then object A is in equilibrium with object C. That statement of transitivity is called the "zeroth law of thermodynamics." For example, a cold metal block and a hot metal block are both placed on a metal plate at room temperature. Eventually, the cold block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium. In addition, the hot block and the plate will be in thermal equilibrium.
6.8K
Theory of Metallic Conduction01:17

Theory of Metallic Conduction

1.7K
The conduction of free electrons inside a conductor is best described by quantum mechanics. However, a classical model makes predictions close to the results of quantum mechanics. It is called the theory of metallic conduction.
In this theory, Newton's second law of motion is used to determine the acceleration of an electron in the presence of an applied electric field. Then, its velocity is expressed via this acceleration.
An electron moves through the crystal, containing positive ions,...
1.7K
Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes01:23

Atomic Nuclei: Nuclear Relaxation Processes

1.2K
In the absence of an external magnetic field, nuclear spin states are degenerate and randomly oriented. When a magnetic field is applied, the spins begin to precess and orient themselves along (lower energy) or against (higher energy) the direction of the field. At equilibrium, a slight excess population of spins exists in the lower energy state. Because the direction of the magnetic field is fixed as the z-axis,  the precessing magnetic moments are randomly oriented around the z-axis.
1.2K
Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations01:23

Maxwell's Thermodynamic Relations

4.4K
Maxwell's thermodynamic relations are very useful in solving problems in thermodynamics. Each of Maxwell's relations relates a partial differential between quantities that can be hard to measure experimentally to a partial differential between quantities that can be easily measured. These relations are a set of equations derivable from the symmetry of the second derivatives and the thermodynamic potentials.
All thermodynamic potentials are exact differentials. Therefore, their second-order...
4.4K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Machine-learned quantum molecular dynamics calculations of warm dense equation of state and ionic transport coefficients of deuterated water.

Physical review. E·2026
Same author

Development of an ab initio learned model of electron deposition range in deuterium-tritium plasmas through time-dependent density functional theory calculations and machine learning.

Physical review. E·2026
Same author

Coupled machine learning-ecosystem ensemble models substantially improve predictions of nitrous oxide (N<sub>2</sub>O) fluxes from US croplands.

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America·2026
Same author

Collisional stopping power of ions in warm dense matter.

Physical review. E·2026
Same author

Conservative dielectric functions and electrical conductivities from the multicomponent Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook equation.

Physical review. E·2025
Same author

Preliminary study of plasma modes and electron-ion collisions in partially magnetized strongly coupled plasmas.

Physical review. E·2024

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
07:17

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

Published on: August 1, 2017

13.1K

Quantum Ornstein-Zernike theory for two-temperature two-component plasmas.

Zachary A Johnson1, Nathaniel R Shaffer2, Michael S Murillo1

  • 1Michigan State University, Computational Mathematics, Science and Engineering, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, USA.

Physical Review. E
|September 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We developed a new statistical mechanics model for two-temperature plasmas, significantly reducing computation time for bulk material properties compared to density functional theory simulations.

More Related Videos

Building Langmuir Probes and Emissive Probes for Plasma Potential Measurements in Low Pressure, Low Temperature Plasmas
08:10

Building Langmuir Probes and Emissive Probes for Plasma Potential Measurements in Low Pressure, Low Temperature Plasmas

Published on: May 25, 2021

5.4K
Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

7.8K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry
07:17

Non-equilibrium Microwave Plasma for Efficient High Temperature Chemistry

Published on: August 1, 2017

13.1K
Building Langmuir Probes and Emissive Probes for Plasma Potential Measurements in Low Pressure, Low Temperature Plasmas
08:10

Building Langmuir Probes and Emissive Probes for Plasma Potential Measurements in Low Pressure, Low Temperature Plasmas

Published on: May 25, 2021

5.4K
Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
11:21

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving

Published on: March 30, 2017

7.8K

Area of Science:

  • Plasma Physics
  • Statistical Mechanics
  • Computational Materials Science

Background:

  • Laboratory plasma production often results in a two-temperature state, where ions and electrons are heated unevenly.
  • Density functional theory molecular dynamics (DFT-MD) is the current standard for modeling bulk material properties in such states.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To develop a computationally efficient statistical mechanics model for two-temperature plasmas.
  • To derive novel theoretical equations for electron-ion multitemperature systems.
  • To enable accurate calculation of bulk material properties in two-temperature plasmas.

Main Methods:

  • Construction of a statistical mechanics model consistent with molecular dynamics.
  • Derivation of electron-ion multitemperature quantum Ornstein-Zernike equations.
  • Development of a two-temperature, two-component plasma model using the average atom approximation.

Main Results:

  • The new model computes bulk material properties significantly faster than DFT-MD simulations.
  • Accuracy was validated against ab initio simulations for ion pair correlation and self-diffusion.
  • Viscosity and ion thermal conductivity were calculated as functions of ion and electron temperatures.

Conclusions:

  • The developed model provides a computationally efficient and accurate alternative for studying two-temperature plasmas.
  • This work enables faster exploration of material properties under varying plasma conditions.
  • The derived equations offer new theoretical insights into multitemperature plasma systems.