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Related Concept Videos

Coulomb's Law01:30

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Experiments with electric charges have shown that if two objects each have an electric charge, they exert an electric force on each other. The magnitude of the force is linearly proportional to the net charge on each object and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. The direction of the force vector is along the imaginary line joining the two objects and is dictated by the signs of the charges involved.
Newton's third law applies to the Coulomb force — the...
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Coulomb's Law describes the force experienced by two point charges under each other's presence. But what if there are more than two charges? For example, if there is a third charge, does it experience a force that is a simple combination of the individual forces due to the first two charges? Can it be described mathematically?
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Recall that a particle in equilibrium is one for which the external forces are balanced. Static equilibrium involves objects at rest, and dynamic equilibrium involves objects in motion without acceleration; but it is important to remember that these conditions are relative. For instance, an object may be at rest when viewed from one frame of reference, but that same object would appear to be in motion when viewed by someone moving at a constant velocity.
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The electric potential energy of a test charge in a uniform eclectic field can be generalized to any electric field produced by static charge distribution. Consider a positive test charge in an electric field produced by another static positive charge. If the test charge is moved away from the static charge, then the electric field does the positive work on the test charge, and the electric potential energy of the test charge decreases as it moves away from the static charge. Here the electric...
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Atoms generally contain the same number of positively and negatively charged particles, protons, and electrons. Hence, they are electrically neutral. However, the centers of the positive and negative charges do not always coincide. In such a scenario, the electric field of an atom may not be zero.
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Consider a polar dielectric placed in an external field. In such a dielectric, opposite charges on adjacent dipoles neutralize each other, such that the net charge within the dielectric is zero. When a polar dielectric is inserted in between the capacitor plates, an electric field is generated due to the presence of net charges near the edge of the dielectric and the metal plates interface. Since the external electrical field merely aligns the dipoles, the dielectric as a whole is neutral. An...
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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Cooling an Optically Trapped Ultracold Fermi Gas by Periodical Driving
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Two-dimensional Coulomb gas in a nonconservative trap.

David S Dean1, Rashed Aljasmi2, Satya N Majumdar3

  • 1Université de Bordeaux, CNRS, LOMA, UMR 5798, F-33400 Talence, France.

Physical Review. E
|September 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary

We investigated a two-dimensional Coulomb gas in a nonequilibrium steady state. A rotational force tilted the elliptical droplet and generated a concentric current, with large forces creating a circular droplet.

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Area of Science:

  • Statistical mechanics
  • Condensed matter physics
  • Non-equilibrium systems

Background:

  • Studying the behavior of strongly interacting systems is crucial for understanding complex physical phenomena.
  • Nonequilibrium steady states offer insights into systems driven far from thermal equilibrium.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the nonequilibrium steady state of a 2D Coulomb gas under anisotropic trapping and rotational forces.
  • To understand how rotational forces influence system density, shape, and dynamics.

Main Methods:

  • Theoretical analysis using hydrodynamic calculations.
  • Numerical simulations to confirm theoretical predictions.

Main Results:

  • In the absence of rotation, a uniform density elliptical droplet is formed.
  • Rotational force induces a tilted ellipse and a concentric current within the droplet.
  • Strong rotational forces lead to a circular droplet shape.

Conclusions:

  • Hydrodynamic predictions align with simulation results.
  • The study provides a comprehensive understanding of driven nonequilibrium states in strongly interacting systems.