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Updated: Jan 17, 2026

Multimodal Volumetric Retinal Imaging by Oblique Scanning Laser Ophthalmoscopy oSLO and Optical Coherence Tomography OCT
Published on: August 4, 2018
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Transformation optics establishes an equivalence relationship between gradient media and curved space, unveiling intrinsic geometric properties of gradient media. However, this approach based on curved spaces is concentrated on two-dimensional manifolds, namely, curved surfaces. In this Letter, we establish an intrinsic connection between three-dimensional manifolds and three-dimensional gradient media in transformation optics by leveraging the Yamabe problem and Ricci scalar curvature-a measure of spatial curvature in manifolds. The invariance of the Ricci scalar under conformal mappings is proven. Our framework is validated through the analysis of representative conformal optical lenses.
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