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Related Concept Videos

Total Internal Reflection Fluorescence Microscopy01:05

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Total internal reflection fluorescence microscopy or TIRF is an advanced microscopic technique used to visualize fluorophores in samples close to a solid surface with a higher refractive index, such as a glass coverslip. TIRF only allows fluorophores in proximity to the solid surface to be excited. When light from a medium with a lower refractive index (such as air) hits the glass coverslip at a critical angle, the light undergoes total internal reflection stead of passing through the glass.
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Sandwich structure for polarization-insensitive high-dispersion diffraction grating based on total internal

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    We developed a novel sandwich grism using total internal reflection (TIR) for high-performance optical devices. This new grism offers high diffraction efficiency and low polarization-dependent loss (PDL), ideal for telecommunications and spectroscopy.

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    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Materials Science

    Background:

    • Prism and grating combinations offer high diffraction efficiency and dispersion.
    • Total internal reflection (TIR) gratings are effective optical devices.
    • Existing TIR gratings can have limitations in groove depth and polarization sensitivity.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To propose and demonstrate a novel sandwich structure grism based on TIR.
    • To reduce groove depth and enhance manufacturability.
    • To achieve low polarization-dependent loss (PDL) and high diffraction efficiency.

    Main Methods:

    • Designed a sandwich structure comprising a prism, dielectric slab, and grating layer.
    • Utilized interference lithography, ICP etching, and optical bonding for fabrication.
    • Analyzed performance under Littrow incidence conditions.

    Main Results:

    • Achieved high first-order diffraction efficiency (90-95%) in the 1.525–1.575 µm range.
    • Demonstrated extremely low polarization-dependent loss (PDL) between 0.01–0.09 dB.
    • Experimental results aligned with theoretical design values for diffraction efficiency and PDL.

    Conclusions:

    • The sandwich grism effectively concentrates diffracted energy and offers excellent dispersion.
    • The design is suitable for high line density gratings.
    • The device shows promising applications in high-speed telecommunications and high-precision spectroscopy.