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The German physicist Heinrich Hertz (1857–1894) was the first to generate and detect certain types of electromagnetic waves in the laboratory. Starting in 1887, he performed a series of experiments that confirmed the existence of electromagnetic waves and verified that they travel at the speed of light. Hertz used an alternating-current RLC (resistor-inductor-capacitor) circuit that resonated at a known frequency and connected it to a loop of wire. High voltages induced across the gap in...
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A three-phase AC generator has a rotor with a rotating magnet placed within the stator mounted with the stationary three-phase winding to generate three-phase voltages via mutual induction. These windings are evenly distributed around the inner circumference of the stator and are arranged 120 electrical degrees apart. Three-phase stator windings consist of three separate coils or groups of coils, known as phases, each connected in Y (star) configuration or Delta configuration.
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Phasor Arithmetics01:13

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Phasors and their corresponding sinusoids are interrelated, offering unique insights into the behavior of alternating current (AC) circuits. One way to understand this relationship is through the operations of differentiation and integration in both the time and phasor domains.
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Generation and Coherent Control of Pulsed Quantum Frequency Combs
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Multicycle terahertz generation in virtual PPLN.

S B Bodrov, A I Shugurov, M I Bakunov

    Optics Letters
    |September 16, 2025
    PubMed
    Summary

    Researchers generated multi-cycle terahertz pulses using optical rectification in lithium niobate crystals. This efficient method offers tunable terahertz generation for various scientific applications.

    Area of Science:

    • Optics and Photonics
    • Condensed Matter Physics
    • Nonlinear Optics

    Background:

    • Terahertz (THz) pulses are crucial for spectroscopy, condensed matter manipulation, and particle acceleration.
    • Generating multi-cycle THz pulses efficiently remains a key challenge in the field.

    Purpose of the Study:

    • To demonstrate a novel method for generating tens-of-cycles duration THz pulses.
    • To achieve quasi-phase-matched THz generation in bulk lithium niobate (LiNbO3).

    Main Methods:

    • Optical rectification of femtosecond laser pulses in a bulk LiNbO3 crystal.
    • Utilizing the nonlinear mixing of ordinary and extraordinary waves.
    • Employing a backward-emission geometry.

    Main Results:

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    • Generated THz radiation with an 8 GHz bandwidth at 0.47 THz using 600 fs, 1.2 mJ laser pulses.
    • Achieved a conversion efficiency of approximately 4x10^-6.
    • Demonstrated wide frequency tunability from 0.37 to 0.76 THz by varying the laser incidence angle.

    Conclusions:

    • The developed technique provides an efficient and tunable method for generating multi-cycle THz pulses.
    • The method shows potential for scaling up THz yield using larger crystals and higher energy lasers.
    • This advancement facilitates THz applications in spectroscopy, materials science, and beyond.