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Gut Microbiome and Estrogen.

Seung-Lee Park1,2, Min-Sun Kim2, Tae-Hee Kim3

  • 1Interdisciplinary Program in Biomedical Science, Soonchunhyang University College of Medicine, Asan, Korea.

Journal of Menopausal Medicine
|September 16, 2025
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Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Estrogens, crucial steroid hormones, interact with the microbiome, influencing health and disease. Understanding this interplay is key to addressing sex-specific health disparities and microbiome-related conditions.

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Area of Science:

  • Endocrinology
  • Microbiome Research
  • Human Physiology

Background:

  • Estrogens are vital steroid hormones regulating reproductive and systemic functions.
  • The microbiome, a microbial community, is essential for host health, immune modulation, and internal equilibrium.
  • Dysbiosis, an imbalance in the microbiome, is linked to various diseases, including cardiovascular disorders and cancers.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To explore the intricate relationship between estrogens and the microbiome.
  • To investigate how sex hormones influence microbiome composition and function.
  • To understand the implications for sex-specific disease prevalence.

Main Methods:

  • Review of current scientific literature on estrogen-microbiome interactions.
  • Analysis of studies investigating hormonal effects on microbial populations.
  • Examination of research on sex differences in microbiome-associated diseases.

Main Results:

  • Estrogens exist in free and protein-bound states, with unbound forms easily crossing cell membranes.
  • The microbiome's balance is affected by diet, medication, pathogens, and endocrine factors.
  • Emerging evidence highlights sex hormone influence on microbiome-related health conditions and gender disparities in disease.

Conclusions:

  • Estrogen-microbiome interactions are critical determinants of host health.
  • Sex hormones play a significant role in modulating the microbiome, impacting disease susceptibility.
  • Further research is needed to elucidate these mechanisms for targeted therapeutic strategies.