Jove
Visualize
Contact Us
JoVE
x logofacebook logolinkedin logoyoutube logo
ABOUT JoVE
OverviewLeadershipBlogJoVE Help Center
AUTHORS
Publishing ProcessEditorial BoardScope & PoliciesPeer ReviewFAQSubmit
LIBRARIANS
TestimonialsSubscriptionsAccessResourcesLibrary Advisory BoardFAQ
RESEARCH
JoVE JournalMethods CollectionsJoVE Encyclopedia of ExperimentsArchive
EDUCATION
JoVE CoreJoVE BusinessJoVE Science EducationJoVE Lab ManualFaculty Resource CenterFaculty Site
Terms & Conditions of Use
Privacy Policy
Policies

Related Concept Videos

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens01:31

Defense Against Bacterial Pathogens

2.6K
The human immune system is a complex network of cells, tissues, and organs that work together to defend the body against bacterial infections. It consists of various immune cells, each playing a specific role in the defense mechanism.
Phagocytes
Phagocytes are the frontline soldiers of the immune system. They include neutrophils and macrophages. Neutrophils are the most abundant type of white blood cell and are quickly mobilized to the site of infection. Macrophages are larger cells that patrol...
2.6K
Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology01:25

Urinary Tract Infection II: Pathophysiology

570
The pathophysiology of urinary tract infections (UTIs) encompasses several progressive stages, beginning with bacterial colonization and culminating in potential systemic complications if untreated. UTIs are primarily initiated by bacteria, such as Escherichia coli, which often originate from the gastrointestinal tract and migrate to the urinary system through the periurethral area. This migration can occur via several routes, including improper hygiene practices, sexual activity, or...
570
Defense Mechanism Against Infection01:26

Defense Mechanism Against Infection

9.2K
Natural flora, body system defenses, and inflammation are natural barriers of the body against infectious agents regardless of previous exposure. Normal floras of the human body refer to the microbial population that colonizes the skin and mucous membranes.
In addition, many body organ systems have unique defenses against infection. The skin is an intact, multilayered surface preventing invasion by microorganisms unless impaired. Mucous membranes lining the mouth, nose, and eyelids are barriers...
9.2K
Carrier-Mediated Transport01:06

Carrier-Mediated Transport

1.2K
Carrier-mediated transport is a pivotal process in drug absorption, particularly for lipid-insoluble drugs, and encompasses facilitated diffusion and active transport. Facilitated diffusion allows drugs to move along their concentration gradient without energy expenditure, while active transport utilizes ATP to drive drug movement against this gradient.
Active transport involves two types of membrane-spanning transporters: uptake and efflux. Uptake transporters are expressed in the small...
1.2K
Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells01:23

Renewal of Intestinal Stem Cells

3.2K
The intestinal epithelial lining rapidly renews every 4 to 5 days. The renewal is facilitated by intestinal stem cells (ISCs) located at the base of the crypt– a gland located at the bottom of each villus. ISCs divide asymmetrically to form new stem cells and progenitor daughter cells. The daughter cells are called transit-amplifying (TA) cells which move upwards along the crypt and either differentiate into absorptive cells– the enterocytes or secretory cells– including the...
3.2K
Antimicrobial Proteins01:23

Antimicrobial Proteins

13.0K
Antimicrobial proteins are important components of the immune system. They aid the body in combating pathogens by either killing them directly or hindering their replication processes. Four main types of antimicrobial substances are interferons, the complement system, iron-binding proteins, and antimicrobial proteins.
Interferons
Interferons (IFNs) are proteins produced by lymphocytes, macrophages, and fibroblasts infected with viruses. While IFNs cannot prevent viruses from entering and...
13.0K

You might also read

Related Articles

Articles linked to this work by shared authors, journal, and citation graph.

Sort by
Same author

Apurinic/apyrimidinic endonuclease 1 prevents oxidative DNA damage in intestinal epithelial cells induced by genotoxic Escherichia coli NC101.

Redox biology·2026
Same author

Identifying Donor Immune Cells in the Intestinal Mucosa of Chimeric Recipient Mice by Immunofluorescence.

Current protocols·2026
Same author

Poly(DADMAC) incorporated lipid nanoparticles enhance the delivery of antimicrobial peptides into plant cells.

Scientific reports·2026
Same author

Nematophagous <i>Hyalorbilia</i> spp. isolated from <i>Heterodera schachtii</i> in California parasitize <i>Heterodera glycines</i>.

Journal of nematology·2026
Same author

Impact of Ligand Asymmetry in Ru(II)-Polypyridyl Complexes of 2-Picolyl Amine/Imine: Divergent Stimuli-Responsive Reactivity Profiles among Geometrical Isomers.

Inorganic chemistry·2026
Same author

Indirect inhibition of the NLRP3-interleukin-1β axis contributes to the efficacy of JAK1 inhibitors in experimental colitis and human ulcerative colitis.

Nature communications·2026

Related Experiment Video

Updated: Jan 17, 2026

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration
14:14

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Published on: January 6, 2014

18.3K

Intestinal epithelial PTPN2 limits pathobiont colonization by immune-directed antimicrobial responses.

Pritha Chatterjee1, Marianne R Spalinger1,2, Charly Acevedo1

  • 1Division of Biomedical Sciences, University of California, Riverside, Riverside, CA, USA.

Gut Microbes
|September 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Loss of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2) in intestinal epithelial cells increases susceptibility to pathogenic E. coli. PTPN2 is crucial for gut immunity, regulating antimicrobial peptides and barrier function to control bacterial colonization.

Keywords:
Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC)Antimicrobial PeptideBarrier FunctionInterleukin-22Intestinal PermeabilityPathobiontTight Junctions

More Related Videos

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration in Mice using a Standardized Intestinal Loop Model
09:24

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration in Mice using a Standardized Intestinal Loop Model

Published on: February 11, 2021

7.9K
Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens
10:59

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Published on: May 12, 2019

10.3K

Related Experiment Videos

Last Updated: Jan 17, 2026

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration
14:14

In vitro Coculture Assay to Assess Pathogen Induced Neutrophil Trans-epithelial Migration

Published on: January 6, 2014

18.3K
Functional Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration in Mice using a Standardized Intestinal Loop Model
09:24

Functional Assessment of Intestinal Permeability and Neutrophil Transepithelial Migration in Mice using a Standardized Intestinal Loop Model

Published on: February 11, 2021

7.9K
Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens
10:59

Using Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell-derived Intestinal Organoids to Study and Modify Epithelial Cell Protection Against Salmonella and Other Pathogens

Published on: May 12, 2019

10.3K

Area of Science:

  • Gastroenterology
  • Immunology
  • Microbiology

Background:

  • Loss of protein tyrosine phosphatase non-receptor type 2 (PTPN2) activity is linked to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and altered gut microbiota.
  • Adherent-invasive E. coli (AIEC) expansion is associated with IBD pathogenesis, but mechanisms of host restriction are unclear.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To investigate the role of intestinal epithelial cell (IEC)-specific PTPN2 in regulating AIEC colonization and host defense.
  • To understand how PTPN2 influences the intestinal barrier and immune responses against bacterial pathobionts.

Main Methods:

  • Utilized tamoxifen-inducible IEC-specific Ptpn2 knockout mice (Ptpn2∆IEC) and control littermates.
  • Infected mice with noninvasive E. coli K12 or fluorescent-tagged mAIEC (mAIECred) and quantified bacterial load.
  • Assessed mRNA/protein expression, cytokine levels (IL-22, IL-6, IL-17A), and intestinal barrier function using fluorescent dextran probes.

Main Results:

  • Ptpn2∆IEC mice showed increased mAIECred colonization in the distal colon compared to controls.
  • Reduced expression of alpha-defensin antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) and MMP7 was observed in Ptpn2∆IEC mice post-mAIECred infection.
  • Increased intestinal permeability (FD4) and decreased IL-22, IL-6, and IL-17A cytokine levels were noted in Ptpn2∆IEC mice after mAIECred infection.
  • Recombinant IL-22 administration reversed permeability defects and reduced bacterial burden.

Conclusions:

  • Intestinal epithelial PTPN2 is essential for mucosal immunity and gut homeostasis.
  • PTPN2 promotes antibacterial defense through coordinated epithelial-immune responses, restricting pathobiont colonization.
  • Targeting PTPN2-mediated pathways may offer therapeutic strategies for IBD and related conditions.