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In vitro fertilization (IVF) is a form of assisted reproductive technology where an egg is fertilized with sperm in a controlled laboratory environment before transferring the resulting embryo into the uterus. This process is designed to help individuals and couples experiencing difficulties conceiving.
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Female infertility is defined as the inability to conceive after a year of regular, unprotected intercourse and affects about 10–15% of couples worldwide. The primary cause of female infertility is ovulatory disorders, which hinder the release of eggs. These disorders can be classified as hypothalamic amenorrhea, polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), premature ovarian failure, and hyperprolactinemic anovulation disorders.
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Ethics is a philosophical study of moral actions. Ethics attempts to determine what is valuable for individuals and society. It examines the rational justification of moral judgments and analyzes what is morally just, fair, and right. Bioethics is a sub-discipline of applied ethics that analyzes the philosophical, social, and legal issues in life sciences and medicine. Ethical theories serve as a foundation for decision-making and represent the viewpoints from which people seek direction. They...
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FIGO position statement on surrogacy: Ethical considerations.

Rafal Zadykowicz1, Katie Watson2, Aris Antsaklis3

  • 1Department of Obstetrics, Perinatology, Gynaecology and Reproduction, Medical University of Warsaw, Warsaw, Poland.

International Journal of Gynaecology and Obstetrics: the Official Organ of the International Federation of Gynaecology and Obstetrics
|September 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

This article outlines ethical guidelines for surrogacy, advocating for informed consent and the child's welfare. It supports gestational surrogacy over traditional surrogacy, emphasizing international ethical standards.

Keywords:
FIGOethical aspects and standardssurrogacy

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Area of Science:

  • Reproductive Medicine
  • Bioethics
  • Family Law

Background:

  • Surrogacy presents multifaceted ethical challenges, including issues of autonomy, informed consent, exploitation risks, and the welfare of all individuals involved.
  • Navigating these complexities requires a clear ethical framework to ensure responsible practices.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To advocate for ethically sound surrogacy practices.
  • To establish principles that safeguard all parties, with a primary focus on the child's welfare.
  • To differentiate and provide guidance on traditional versus gestational surrogacy.

Main Methods:

  • This article presents a position statement and ethical advocacy from the International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics (FIGO).
  • It involves the analysis of ethical principles related to autonomy, consent, and welfare in surrogacy.
  • Recommendations are based on established ethical standards and international best practices.

Main Results:

  • FIGO advocates for surrogacy practices centered on voluntary, informed consent and the well-being of surrogates, intended parents, and the child.
  • The organization discourages traditional surrogacy (genetic relation to the surrogate) while supporting gestational surrogacy (no genetic relation) under strict ethical conditions.
  • Emphasis is placed on adhering to international ethical standards, especially for cross-border arrangements.

Conclusions:

  • Ethically sound surrogacy requires prioritizing the welfare of the child and ensuring informed consent from all parties.
  • Gestational surrogacy is supported when aligned with core ethical principles, unlike traditional surrogacy.
  • Adherence to international ethical standards is crucial, particularly in cross-border surrogacy scenarios.