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Two-Dimensional LC × DMS Analysis of 34 PFAS Compounds.

Christopher R M Ryan1, Emir Nazdrajić1, J Larry Campbell1,2

  • 1Department of Chemistry, University of Waterloo, Waterloo, Ontario N2L 3G1, Canada.

Analytical Chemistry
|September 16, 2025
PubMed
Summary
This summary is machine-generated.

Two-dimensional separation using liquid chromatography and differential mobility spectrometry (LC × DMS) significantly improves per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) analysis. This method enhances resolution for environmental pollutants, aiding in identifying unknown fluorinated compounds.

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Area of Science:

  • Environmental Chemistry
  • Analytical Chemistry
  • Spectrometry

Background:

  • Per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) are widespread environmental contaminants with potential health and ecological risks.
  • Accurate quantification and identification of PFAS in environmental samples are crucial but challenging due to matrix interferences.
  • Existing liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LC-MS) methods, while standard, face limitations in resolving all PFAS species and identifying unknowns.

Purpose of the Study:

  • To evaluate the efficacy of two-dimensional (2D) separation combining liquid chromatography (LC) and differential mobility spectrometry (DMS) for PFAS analysis.
  • To improve the resolution of PFAS species that coelute in one-dimensional LC.
  • To assess the potential of 2D LC × DMS for identifying unknown fluorinated compounds and quantifying PFAS in real-world samples.

Main Methods:

  • Analysis of 34 PFAS species using a sequential 2D LC × DMS-MS² separation scheme.
  • Comparison of resolution achieved with 1D LC and 2D LC × DMS methods.
  • Evaluation of limits of quantitation and feasibility for wastewater sample analysis.

Main Results:

  • 2D LC × DMS achieved baseline resolution for 29 out of 34 PFAS compounds, a significant improvement over 1D LC which resolved only five.
  • Targeted 2D LC × DMS-MS² analyses maintained a similar timescale to LC-MS².
  • Limits of quantitation were slightly higher in 2D LC × DMS-MS² compared to LC-MS² due to ion fragmentation.

Conclusions:

  • 2D LC × DMS offers enhanced separation power for complex PFAS mixtures, facilitating the identification of unknown species through distinct subclass trends.
  • The method shows promise for analyzing environmental samples, successfully quantifying PFOS in wastewater, though with higher concentrations than LC-MS².
  • Further development of 2D LC × DMS can advance the trace analysis of persistent organic pollutants like PFAS.