Fine-scale 3D chromatin architectures and their regulatory mechanisms in plants

Recent studies have demonstrated that fine-scale chromatin architectures, including topologically associating domains (TADs) and chromatin loops, play critical roles in plant growth and development. Advanced technologies with increased resolution and reduced sequencing costs have provided more detailed interaction information, enabling the identification of additional chromatin loops and their associated biological processes. In this review, we present a comprehensive overview of the technologies that have been successfully applied in plants, followed by a detailed description of KNOT, fountain, TAD and chromatin loop. At the same time, some regulators associated with three-dimensional (3D) chromatin architectures are also discussed to understand the regulation of 3D chromatin architecture in plants. Furthermore, this review offers directions of 3D chromatin architecture in plants in terms of both technological developments and scientific mechanisms.