Robotic surgery: The convergence of digital innovations in head and neck surgery

To investigate the application value, technical advantages, clinical efficacy, educational impact, and challenges in promotion of the Da Vinci robotic surgical system (Transoral Robotic Surgery, TORS) in complex head and neck surgeries, providing a reference for the advancement of precise and intelligent surgery in this field.

The technical principles and evolution of the Da Vinci system were analyzed. Its clinical application data in laryngeal, oropharyngeal, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA), nasal cavity, and thyroid surgeries were reviewed. The supporting role of digital technologies (AI, 3D visualization, VR, 3D printing) was assessed. Challenges related to cost and training requirements were summarized.

Leveraging advantages such as instrument flexibility, high-definition 3D visualization, tremor filtration, and precise manipulation, the Da Vinci system significantly enhanced outcomes in head and neck surgery: precise resection of laryngeal cancer reduced operative risks; efficient treatment of early-stage oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma (OPSCC) was achieved with fewer complications; favorable long-term survival rates were observed for OPSCC; OSA symptoms were effectively improved; and it demonstrated both minimally invasive benefits and therapeutic efficacy in recurrent nasal cavity cancers and thyroid surgeries. Digital technologies enhanced surgical precision and medical training efficiency. However, high unit costs and stringent training requirements limit its adoption in small and medium-sized hospitals.

The Da Vinci system, integrated with digital technologies, significantly improves the safety, precision, and patient prognosis in head and neck surgery, while elevating medical education standards. High costs and intensive training needs are issues for why it is not widely used. Future tasks should emphasize cost-cutting to enhance patient care access and improve quality across the medical spectrum.